Download Chapter 12 Review Worksheet

N am e______________________________
Class __________________
Date ______________
Ch ap ter 12 D N A an d RN A
Sec t i o n 12 –1 D N A
( p ag es 287–294)
Key Con cep ts
• What d id scientists d iscover abou t the relationship betw een genes and DN A?
• What is the overall stru ctu re of the DN A m olecu le?
Gr if f it h an d Tr an sf or m at ion
( p ag es 287–289)
1. What d id Fred erick Griffith w ant to learn abou t bacteria?
2. The strain of bacteria that cau sed p neu m onia grew into
colonies
on cu ltu re p lates; harm less bacteria p rod u ced colonies w ith
ed ges.
3. Circle the letter of each sentence that is tru e abou t Griffith’s exp erim ent.
a. Mice injected w ith bacteria from sm ooth colonies d ied .
b . Mice injected w ith bacteria from rou gh colonies d ied .
c. Mice injected with heat-killed bacteria from smooth colonies died.
d . Mice injected w ith a m ixtu re of bacteria from heat-killed sm ooth colonies and live
rou gh colonies d ied .
4. What resu lt from Griffith’s exp erim ent su ggested that the cu se of p neu m onia w as not a
chem ical p oison released by the d isease-cau sing bacteria?
5. What is transform ation?
6. What hyp othesis d id Griffith form from the resu lts of his exp erim ents?
Aver y an d DNA
( p ag e 289)
7. Is the follow ing sentence tru e or false? Avery and his colleagu es thou ght that the
m olecu le requ ired in transform ation m ight also be the m olecu le of the gene.
8. Briefly d escribe how Avery and his grou p d eterm ined w hich m olecu le w as m ost
im p ortant for transform ation.
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66
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Class __________________
9. Transformation did not occur when
Date ______________
was destroyed.
10. What was the conclusion from Avery’s experiments?
The Hershey-Chase Experiment
(pages 289–290)
11. What is a bacteriophage?
12. Circle the letter of each part that makes up a bacteriophage.
a. lipid coat
c. carbohydrate core
b. protein coat
d. DNA core
13. What happens when a bacteriophage infects a bacterial cell?
14. How would Hershey and Chase learn whether genes were made of protein or DNA?
15. What results did Hershey and Chase observe?
16. Hershey and Chase concluded that the genetic material of the bacteriophage was
.
The Components and Structure of DNA
(pages 291–294)
17. List the three critical things that genes were known to do.
a.
b.
c.
18. What is the makeup of a nucleotide?
19. Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine are four kinds of
in DNA.
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67
bases
Name______________________________
Class __________________
Date ______________
20. Identify the components of a nucleotide in the diagram below. Label the bases as
purines or pyrimidines.
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine
21. Is the following sentence true or false? Adenine and guanine are larger molecules than
cytosine and thymine because they have two rings in their structure.
22. What forms the backbone of a DNA chain?
23. Is the following sentence true or false? The nucleotides must be joined together in a
specific order.
24. According to Chargaff’s rules, the percentages of
those of thymine and the percentages of
guanine in the DNA molecule.
are equal to
are equal to those of
25. Rosalind Franklin’s work with X-ray diffraction showed that the DNA molecule is
shaped like a(an)
and contains
strands.
26. How did Francis Crick and James Watson try to understand the structure of DNA?
27. How did Watson and Crick describe the structure of DNA?
28. Is the following sentence true or false? According to the principle of base pairing,
hydrogen bonds could form only between adenine and cytosine.
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68
Name______________________________
Class __________________
Date ______________
Section 12–2 Chromosomes and DNA Replication
(pages 295–299)
This section describes how DNA is packaged to form chromosomes. It also
tells how the cell duplicates its DNA before cell division.
DNA and Chromosomes
(pages 295–296)
1. Circle the letter of the location of DNA in prokaryotic cells.
a. nucleus
b. mitochondria
c. cytoplasm
d. vacuole
2. Is the following sentence true or false? Most prokaryotes contain a single, circular
true
DNA molecule.
nucleus
3. Eurkaryotic DNA is generally located in the cell
number of chromosomes.
in the form of a
4. Is the following sentence true or false? All organisms have the same number of
false
chromosomes.
5. Is the following sentence true or false? The E. coli chromosome is longer than the
diameter of an individual E. coli bacterium.
true
6. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about chromosome structure.
a. The DNA in eukaryotic cells is very loosely packed.
b. Prokaryotic cells contain more DNA than eukaryotic cells.
c. A human cell contains more than 1 meter of DNA.
d. The DNA of the smallest human chromosome is nearly 10 times as long as many
bacterial chromosomes.
7. Eukaryotic chromosomes contain both DNA and protein, packed together to form
chromatin
.
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8. What are histones? Histones are proteins around which DNA is tightly coiled.
9. Why are individual chromosomes visible only during mitosis? The fibers formed from
nucleosomes packing together are dispersed in the nucleus during most of the cell cycle.
10. Is the following sentence true or false? Changes in chromatin structure and
true
histone-DNA binding are associated with changes in gene activity.
11. What do nucleosomes do? They fold enormous lengths of DNA into the cell nucleus.
Name ______________________________
DNA Replication
Class __________________
Date ______________
(pages 297–299)
12. What occurs during the process of replication?
13. Complete the flowchart to describe the process of DNA replication.
The DNA molecule
, or unzips, into two strands.
Each strand serves as a(an)
Two new
, or model, to produce the new strands.
strands are produced, following the rules of
.
14. Is the following sentence true or false? In eukaryotic chromosomes, DNA replication
begins at a single point in the chromosome and proceeds in two dir ections.
15. The sites wher e DNA replication and separation occur are called
.
16. What occurs when a molecule of DNA is “unzipped”?
17. What is the complementary strand of bases for a strand with the bases TACGTT?
18. Is the following sentence true or false? Each DNA molecule resulting from replication
19. List two major roles of DNA polymerase in the process of DNA replication.
a.
b.
Reading Skill Practice
The illustrations in textbooks can help you better understand a dif ficult concept. Look at
Figur e 12–10 on page 297. List in order, beginning with DNA, the levels of organization
of eukaryotic DNA to form chromosomes. Do your work on a separate sheet of paper.
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has one original strand and one new strand.