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Activity: Applying Classical Conditioning Students apply various principles associated with classical conditioning to everyday examples. Suggested answers appear below. 1. Dogs are often disciplined by being swatted (the US) with rolled up newspapers, magazines, and such (the CS). Fear is a natural response to being hit (the UR) and an acquired response (CR) to the sight of such objects. 2. Joan has been attacked (the US) by monkeys (the CS) in the past. Fear of monkeys (the CR) is an acquired response and fear of attacks (the UR) is more reflexive. Extinction is occurring as contact continues without further incident; that is, presenting the CS (monkeys) without the US (pain from the attack). Moreover, a bit of counterconditioning is also taking place as the cuddly, affectionate monkeys elicit feelings incompatible with fear. 3. Screeching tires (CS) often cause people to tense up and flinch (CR). The lack of this response during a car race suggests that stimulus discrimination may be present. Because neither person has had an accident, higher-order conditioning may account for their learning. Specifically, screeching tires (CS) often give rise to mental images of accidents. These mental images are already established CSs, providing the basis for the CS-CS pairing. 4. The sight of Donna (CS) elicits romantic excitement (CR). The response was extinguished when Donna failed to stimulate her partner (the US). The reaction one year later suggests spontaneous recovery—the reappearance of the conditioned response after an apparent extinction. 5. The turkey is the source of the CS; the appearance, smell, and taste of turkey, and also the US, the contamination. The nausea pattern is naturally elicited by contaminated foodstuffs (UR) and is an acquired response to specific foods (CR). In the example, stimulus generalization is taking place. Activity: Reinforcement vs. Punishment Although reinforcement (which serves to increase or strengthen a behavioral response) is conceptually the opposite of punishment (which serves to decrease or weaken a behavioral response), students often have a hard time distinguishing negative reinforcement from punishment. This activity contains several realistic examples of behavior that can be classified as positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, or punishment. Correct answers are given below. 1. PR 2. PUN 3. PUN 4. NR 5. PR 6. PR 7. NR 8. PUN 9. PUN 10. NR 11. NR 12. PR 13. PUN 14. NR 15. PR 16. PR 17. PUN 18. PR 19. PUN 20. PR