Download Lecture Outlines - Seattle Central College

LECTURE CHAPTER 1. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS, CAUSES AND SUSTAINABILITY
I. WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE?
Environment
•
Environmental Science-
–
–
–
How the earth works
How we affect the earth’s environment
How to solve environmental problems
II. WHAT KEEPS US ALIVE?
Solar capital-
Natural capitalResources:
perpetual -
renewable-
sustainable yield
environmental degradation-
non- renewable resources-
Reserves-
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III. THERE ARE SIX MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES TODAY
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
IV. ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS
Developed countries-
Developing countriesPer capita
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Economic development is the improvement of living standards by economic growth. It is
based upon the degree of industrialization and per capita GDP
What are some differences between developed and developing nations?
•
Developed Countries
– 19% of world’s population
– 85% of worlds wealth and
income
– use 88% of world’s
resources
– Produce 75% of world’s
pollution and waste
•
Developing countries
– 81% of world’s population
– 15 % of worlds wealth and
income
– use 12% of world’s
resources
– Produce 25% of world’s
pollution and waste
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Alffluenza
ecological footprint –
Sustainability and society
WHAT CAN WE DO RIGHT NOW???
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LECTURE OUTLINE 2. SCIENCE, MATTER, ENERGY, CLIMATE
I. WHAT IS SCIENCE?
a. cooperative –
b. reproduciblec. experiments
d. deductive vs. inductive reasoning
e. Scientific Method:
Observation:
Question:
Hypothesis:
Experiment:
Results:
Conclusion
f. scientific theory
g. Natural experiments –
h. Models –
i. Statistics and Probability-
What kind of things do you think we can use to improve the quality of scientific statistics?
j. Pseudoscience
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II. HIERARCHY OF LIFEMolecule:
Cell:
Organism:
Population:
Community:
Ecosystem:
Biome:
III. MATTER AND ENERGY:
matter.
The law of the conservation of matter –
Energy
Kinetic energy
Potential energy
Energy quality
The laws of thermodynamics.
1)
2)
IV. THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE ON EARTH:
element
atom
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•
Atomic structure determines the behavior of an element
Charge
Weight
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
Atomic numberMass number - (approx. atomic weight) Isotopes:
radioactive –
Molecules
Compound
Chemical bonds
1)
2)
Covalent bonds
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ions and ionic bonds
# protons
# electrons
Chemical reactions
Overall charge
Acids and BasesNeutral
Acid
Base-
•
Organic compounds include the molecules that make up living things.
Substance
Examples
Uses
Basic structure
Lipids and
hydrocarbons
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
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IV. WATER- WHY IT IS SO IMPORTANT FOR LIFE:
a. Makes up 60-70% of living materials
b. Dissolves salts and other compounds
c. Water molecules are cohesive
d. Exists as a liquid over wide range of temperatures
e. Expands when it solidifies
f.
High heat of vaporization –helps to shed heat
g. High specific heat – absorbs energy as it changed T.
V. CELLS
VI. PHOTOSYNTHESIS, CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND THE FLOW OF ENERGY THROUGH ECOSYSTEMS
All of the energy for life comes from the sun.
Electromagnetic radiation-
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
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Energy source
Carbon source*
Autotrophs
Heterotrophs
VII. What are the factors that deterimine where different organisms are found on earth?
Biotic factors –
Abiotic factors –vary in both space and timetemperature –
water
sunlight –
wind
rocks and soil –
Climate –
macroclimate –
microclimate-
Latitudinal variation –
Seasonal variation in solar intensity
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Global air circulation patterns and Hadley Cells
global wind patterns.
The effect of large bodies of water-
Mountains and the rain shadow
.
Seasonality
VIII. AQUATIC BIOMES
Photic zone –
Aphotic zone-
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Benthic zone –…
benthos
abyssal zone.
Pelagic
Thermocline
Oligotrophic
Eutrophic
Stratification
IX. TERRESTRIAL BIOMES
ecotone
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LECTURE OUTLINE 3. EVOLUTION AND COMMUNITY ECOLOGY
What determines the specific distribution of species within biomes?
I. WHAT ARE SPECIES?
Morphological Species concept:
Biological Species concept:
II. TOLERANCE LIMITS AND THE LAW OF TOLERANCE
Adaptations:
evolution
gene pool.
descent with modification
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III. NATURAL SELECTION AND ADAPTATION
Observations made of natural populations by Darwin and Wallace:
1)
2)
3)
4)
microevolution-
macroevolution
Limits to adaptation:
1)
2)
3)
Speciation occurs via two processes:
adaptive radiation
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III. COMMUNITY ECOLOGY
What is a community?
Interactions between species
Interaction
Competition
predation
parasitism
commensalism
mutualism
Species A
Species B
A. Interspecific competition-
a) competitive exclusion principle
b) Habitat—
Niche—
Generalists vs. specialists
Fundamental niche
realized niche
c) resource partitioning
d) character displacement –
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B) Predator-prey interactionsTypes of defenses:
C) Parasitism –
Endoparasites –
ectoparasites
parasitoids.
both predation and parasitism help to drive evolution because there is an evolutionary arms
race in which the prey adapt to avoid the predator but then the predator adapts to better get the
prey.
D) Mutualism-
E) Commensalism –
IV. DIVERSITY AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE
Species diversity
species richness –
relative abundance –
Producers (autotrophs)–
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Consumers (heterotrophs) –
Primary consumersSecondary consumersTertiary consumers –
OmnivoresDetritivores/Scavengers/decomposers-
The links in a food web are relatively limited in length.
Important species in a community
Dominant species
Keystone species
Facilitator species
V. Community change: Disturbance Ecological Succession:
A. Disturbance
intermediate disturbance hypothesis
B. Succession
Primary succession—
Secondary succession—
.
Climax communities—
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LECTURE OUTLINE 4. ENERGY AND MATTER IN ECOSYSTEMS
In Ecosystems there are two processes at work: energy transfer and chemical cycling between
biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem.
I. ENERGY:
Gross Primary production (GPP)
Global energy budget:
Net Primary production (NPP)
What limits production in aquatic biomes?
What limits production in terrestrial biomes?
Secondary production
Production efficiency
trophic efficiency –
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II. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES: WATER CYCLE, CARBON CYCLE, NITROGEN CYCLE, PHOSPHORUS
CYCLE.
A. Hydrologic Cycle
Disruptions by humans:
B. Carbon Cycle
Major reservoirs:
Form(s) available to living things:
Main function(s) in living things:
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Disruptions:
C. Nitrogen Cycle:
Gaseous Nitrogen (N2)
In Atmosphere
Nitrogen
Fixation
by industry for
agriculture
Food Webs
On Land
uptake by
autotrophs
Nitrogen Fixation
bacteria convert to ammonia
+
excretion,
death,
decomposition
uptake by
autotrophs
Nitrogenous Wastes,
Remains In Soil
NO3
in soil
–
Denitrification
by bacteria
(NH3 ) ; this dissolves to form
+
ammonium (NH4 )
+
NH3, NH4
in soil
Ammonification
2. Nitrification
bacteria, fungi convert the
residues to NH3 , this
bacteria convert NO2 to
+
dissolves to form NH4
loss by
leaching
1. Nitrification
+
bacteria convert NH4
–
-
-
nitrate (NO3 )
–
to
NO2
in soil
loss by
leaching
nitrate (NO2 )
Inputs:
Nitrogen fixation
Nitrification
Outputs:
Ammonification****
Denitrification
Leaching
Major reservoir:
Form(s) available to living things:
Main function(s) in living things:
Disruptions:
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D. Phosphorus Cycle
FERTILIZER
mining
GUANO
excretion
agriculture
weathering
uptake by
autotrophs
uptake by
autotrophs
DISSOLVED
IN OCEAN
WATER
MARINE
FOOD
WEBS
DISSOLVED IN
SOIL WATER,
LAKES, RIVERS
death,
decomposition
death,
decomposition
settling
out
sedimentation
LAND
FOOD
WEBS
MARINE SEDIMENTS
weathering
uplifting
over geolgic
time
ROCKS
Major reservoirs:
Form(s) available to living things:
Main function(s) in living things:
Disruptions:
LECTURE OUTLINE 5. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY
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I. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY –:
A. Tenets of Conservation Biology
1)
2)
B. Biodiversity
1. Genetic variety within each population:
2.
Species diversity:
threatened
endangered
3. Community Diversity
C. How many species are there in the world today?
D. What is extinction?
Local extinction
Ecological Extinction
Biological Extinction
Extinction is normal BUT:
Background rates vs. current rates
E. Why is biodiversity Important?
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1. Economic reasons
2. Ecological Services:
3. Recreation Services
F. Why is it difficult to estimate extinction?
G. Major threats to biodiversity
1) Habitat destruction and fragmentation
2) Introduced species
3) Overexploitation
4) disruption of interaction networks
H. Biotic Factors related to extinction:
Trait
Example
Low reproductive rate
Specialized niche
Narrow distribution
Feeds at high trophic level
Fixed migratory patterns
rare
Large territories
I. The Extinction Vortex : As a population gets smaller, it is more likely to become threatened,
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endangered or go extinct.
Minimum Viable Population
Population viability analysis –
Effective population size –
II. POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS IN CONSERVATION
A. Study and monitor populations
B. Set up parks and reserves
1. PARKS –
Major threats include:
2. RESERVES- two strategies used to make management decisions about preserving
large tracts of land for biodiversity
1) prevention –
2) Emergency strategy –
http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots
Example: US National Wildlife Refuges
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Example: Biosphere reserves.
Three zones:
1) core-
2) buffer zone
3) transition zone
3. Get local peoples involved
4. Legislation/treaties
CITES:
Problems with cites
ESA- the Endangered Species Act
Problems with ESA
5. Ex situ conservation
a. gene banks
b. farms
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c. botanic gardens
d. zoo and aquaria
6. Restoration and mitigation
********What do you think the challenges are for restoration?*********
Lecture 6 Outline Population Biology
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I. Population Ecology looks at the relationship between populations and their environment.
Population:
Four factors that affect population size:
Density
Dispersion
Methods of estimating density:
Patterns of Dispersion
Clumping
Uniform
Random
II. Demography
Life tables
Cohorts
A. Survivorship curves depict the time in the life span of an organism when most death
occurs.
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Three general patterns in survivorship curves:
1. Late loss (type I) curves
2. Constant loss (type II) curves
3. Early loss (type III) curves.
What factors determine the potential for population change?
B. Reproductive strategies and life history traits:
The intrinsic rate of increase (r)
The value of r indicates whether a population is growing,
declining or staying the same.
per capita
Factors that may affect r
• time of reproduction
•
generation time
•
reproductive capacity
•
number of offspring/ reproductive episode.
•
Trade-offs for raising young???
C. Environmental limits on population growth:
Carrying capacity (K)
What are the limitations?
Is there any pattern of density dependence?
Life history traits can provide further guidance in modeling
population dynamics:
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K selected species
R selected species
Populations
Traits of species
Exponential growth
Logistic growth
reality
III. Human population growth:
A. Population exchange equation:
Crude birth rate =
Crude death rate =
B. Fertility rates:
Replacement fertility
Total fertility rate
What are some factors that affect fertility rates?
C. Death rates
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Life expectancy
Infant mortality
Why are death rates declining?
D. Population age structure diagrams
M
Fe
Prereproductive:
Reproductive
Post reproductive
E. Demographic transition
1.
2.
3.
4.
1. preindustrial
2. transitional
3. industrial
4. postindustrial
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LECTURE 8 CLIMATE CHANGE, GLOBAL WARMING AND OZONE LOSS
I. THE ATMOSPHERE
Troposphere –
Stratosphere-
Weather
Climate
The two biggest environmental issues related to climate and the atmosphere are:
1) global warming caused by burning fossil fuels and deforestation
2) ozone loss caused by use of CFC’s, and other chemicals
II. CLIMATE CHANGE AND GLOBAL WARMING:
A. Climate change is a natural process.
.
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Rapid changes in climate seem to be related to changes in ocean temperature. (Remember
that water has a great heat capacity- that is that it can hold a lot of heat energy)
.
The ocean conveyer belt
B. The Greenhouse effect.
1. Natural
2. Human Caused
Green house gases
Greenhouse Human Sources
Gas
Methane
(CH4)
Carbon
dioxide
(CO2 )
Nitrous
oxide (N2O)
Chlorofluor
ocarbons
(CFCs)*
Average Time in the
Troposphere (years)
12–18
100–120
114–120
11–20 (65–110 years in
stratosphere)
Hydrochlor
ofluorocarbo
ns (HCFCs)
9-390
Hydrofluoro
carbons
(HFCs)
Halons
15-390
65
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Carbon
tetrachlorid
e
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How has carbon dioxide changed?
How has temperature changed?
*****Global warming DOES NOT mean that everywhere on earth will get warmer it is a
change the average global temperature.
3. Evidence and effects of human-induced global warming (as supported by the IPCC)
4. Why worry?
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5. How do we deal with the threat of global warming? There are four schools of thought:
a.Those that state that global warming is not a threat
b. We need more research
c. precautionary strategy group believe the safest course is to take preventative action
d. No regrets –
6. What is being done: Kyoto protocol 1997
III.OZONE DEPLETION
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LECTURE OUTLINE 7. ENERGY: CONSERVATION AND NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES
I. INTRODUCTION:
The sun provides 99% of energy resources: either directly or indirectly
Examples of indirect forms
Commercial energy supplies 1 % of resources
Nonrenewable resources
Renewable resources
Oil and Natural Gas
Floating oil drilling
platform
Oil drilling
platform
on legs
Gas well
Oil storage
Oil well
Valves
Pipeline
Pump
Impervious rock
Natural gas
Oil
Water
Coal
Geothermal Energy
Hot water
Contour
storage
strip mining
Geothermal
power plant
Area strip
Pipeline
mining
Drilling
Mined coal
tower
Water
penetrates
Underground
down
coal mine
through
Water is heated
the
and brought up
rock
as dry steam or
wet steam
Coal seam
Hot rock
Water
Magma
US is biggest energy user and the biggest waster of energy
The major source of energy currently in use are fossil fuels.
Fossil fuels are the primary cause of:
Current economically viable stocks are projected to be depleted in 42-93 years
What should we do?
How do we decide what are the alternatives?
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Net energy =
We waste about 84% of the energy in the US-
II. REDUCING WASTE:
Examples of energy efficiencies compared:
A. To save energy in Industry:
1. Cogeneration –
2.
3.
B. Increase fuel efficiency of vehicles
C. To improve energy efficiency in our homes:
1) Build superinsulated houses
2) Improve energy efficiency of existing houses and buildings
3) Electricity is extremely inefficient
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http://www.aceee.org/consumerguide/mostenef.htm
Energy Star www.energystar.gov/
http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumerinfo/factsheets/ef3.html
Why are we not doing enough to reduce energy waste??????
III. NON RENEWABLE RESOURCES_
A. refined petroleum/crude oil1. Definition
2. Products:
3. Advantages:
4. Disadvantages
B. Natural Gas1. Definition
2. Products/major uses:
3. Advantages:
4. Disadvantages
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C. COAL –
1. Definition
2. Products/major uses:
3. Advantages:
4. Disadvantages
D. Nuclear Energy
1. Definition
2. Products/major uses:
3. Advantages:
4. Disadvantages
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LECTURE OUTLINE 10: FOOD AND SOIL PRODUCTION
I. FOOD AND NUTRITION
A. Malnutrition –
1. Obesity –
2. Undernutrition
Marasmus –
Kwashiorkor –
II. HOW IS FOOD PRODUCED?
A. Traditional Agriculture
B. Industrialized agriculture
C. Meat and Fish production
1. Livestock and Poultry
2. Fish
Bycatch
Fish farming-
III. SOIL
A. Formation
1)
2)
3)
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B. Horizons
1. O horizon –
2. A horizon –
3. B horizon4. C horizon –
5. R horizon –.
C. Soil Properties
1. pores
2. infiltration.
3. leaching.
4. porosity and permeability
5. Texture
6. Structure
D. Soil Erosion
1. Definition:
2. Causes
3. Solution
E. Desertification
1. Definition:
2. Causes
3. Consequences
4. Solutions
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F. Irrigation and salinization:
1. Definition:
2. Causes
3. Consequences
4. Solutions
G. Chemical Inputs
Fertilizers :
H. Pesticides
1. Broad Spectrum vs. Narrow spectrum
2. Insecticides, Herbicides, Fungicides, rodenticides
3. Pros
4. Cons
IV. Solutions to agriculture problems
A. Green revolution
B. Genetic Engineering
1. Traditional breeding-
2. Genetic Engineering –
a. how does it work?
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b. Problems with Genetic Engineering
1. Transfer of transgene
2. Genetic trespass
3. Toxicity of GM to humans
4. Effects on non-target organisms
c. Future uses of GMOs
C. Agriculture Alternatives
1. Conservation tillage
2. Interplanting
3. contour farming
4. strip cropping
5. alley cropping
D. Organic fertilizer
green manureComposting the manure
E. Alternatives to Pesticide Use
IPM
Organic
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LECTURE OUTLINE 10: WATER: RESOURCES AND POLLUTION
Groundwater
0.592%
Lakes
0.0007%
Biota
0.0001%
Rivers
0.014%
Ice caps
and glaciers
0.592%
0.0001
Soil
moisture
0.0005%
%
Atmospheric
water vapor
0.0001%
I. SOME DEFINITIONS:
Freshwater resources:
Groundwater
surface water
groundwaterwater table
Aquifers
Major uses of water in the world:
Major water issues in the US:
In The US, we have the highest per capita use of water- 1280 gallons/day!!!!!!!!!
West US
Eastern US
II. THREE GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS WITH WATER:
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1. too much (flooding),
2. too little (drought).
3. we pollute much of the available water.
A. Flooding:
Causes:
Floodplains and their functions
Human Impacts on floodplains
B. Freshwater shortages
Causes:
1) Arid climate
2) Drought
3) Desiccation
4) water stress-
C. Pollution.
1. How do we measure water quality ?
a. # colonies coliform
b. dissolved oxygen and biological oxygen demands (BOD)
c. chemical analysis –
d. indicator species
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2. Where does pollution come from?
a. Point sources -
b. Nonpoint sources-
3. Categories of water pollutants:
Category
Infectious agents
Example
Oxygen demanding
wastes
Inorganic chemicals –
Organic chemicals
Plant nutrients –
Sediments
Radioactive materials
Thermal pollution
4. Water pollution problems in streams –
Oxygen sag curve
5. Water pollution in lakes and ponds –
Cultural Eutrophication
5. Groundwater pollution –
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6. Ocean pollution –
7. Preventing water pollution
III. INCREASING SAFE FRESHWATER SUPPLIES
A. build dams and reservoirs to store runoff,
B. bring in surface water from elsewhere,
C. withdraw groundwater
saltwater intrusion
subsidence
D. desalinize salt water
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E. improve efficiency of water use and
F. import food to reduce water use.
IV. SEWAGE AND SEWAGE TREATMENT:
A. septic systems
B. Municipal sewage plants: three levels of treatment:
1 primary treatment
2. Secondary sewage treatment
3. Tertiary sewage treatment
C. Artificial wetlands
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LECTURE OUTLINE 11 RISK AND TOXICITY
I. WHAT IS RISK?
A. Risk Probability
B. Risk assessment
C. Risk management
D. Types of risks:
1. Cultural
2. Physical
3. Chemical
4. Biological
II. TOXICOLOGY
Toxicants
Toxins
Poisons
Dose
Response
Dose Response Curve
LD50 –
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How do toxins enter the body?
Bioacumulation
Biomagnification
III. TYPES OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
A. Mutagens
B. Teratogens
C. Carcinogens
D. Endocrine disrupters
Resources:
• http://www.greenfacts.org/index.htm
• http://e.hormone.tulane.edu/resources.html
• http://www.ewg.org/
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•
http://hpd.nlm.nih.gov/index.htm
IV. BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Nontransmissible disease
Transmissible disease
Pathogens
Vectors
Seven deadliest diseases today
Antibiotic Resistance
Ways to reduce risk:
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Science Review Homework.
Name: _____________________________ Score: _____/14
_______1. A hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable to be scientifically valid. Being testable
and falsifiable means that _____.
a. some conceivable observation or experiment could reveal whether a given hypothesis is
correct or incorrect
b. only a controlled experiment can indicate whether the hypothesis is correct or incorrect
c. the hypothesis has been proved wrong
d. there must be several options in the hypothesis to choose from, one of which is correct
e. if the hypothesis is not correct, the experiment was a failure
_______2. What is the correct order for the hierarchy of biological organization from the least to
the most complex?
a. molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem
b. molecule, tissue, cell, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem
c. molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, ecosystem, community, population
d. molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, ecosystem, community
3. What are the three subatomic particles that make up an atom and what are their charges?
__________________________, _____________________________, ___________________
4. Which subatomic particles are found in the atomic nucleus? _______________ and
_____________.
5. The atomic number is equal to the number of ____________________ in the nucleus.
______6. T/F. The number of protons is unique to each element.
7. Draw the atoms of Carbon (C, atomic number = 6; mass number = 12)), Oxygen (O, atomic
number = 8; mass number = 16, Hydrogen (H, atomic number = 1; mass number = 1). Be sure to
include the subatomic particles in their appropriate locations. Nitrogen is drawn for you as an
example
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8. Define ion.
9. Which subatomic particle varies in isotopes? __________________________________
10. What is the difference between organic molecules and inorganic molecules?
11. Polymers are organic molecules that are complex and made of repeating subunits called
monomers. Fill in the table below:
Organic Molecule
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Monomer
Polymer
Example
12. Where in cells are genes found?______________________________
13. What type of molecule are genes made of? ______________________
14. What are genes?
15. If you have any specific questions about this material?
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Exercise: Trophic Levels and Food Webs. YOU MAY WORK WITH ONE PARTNER ON THE
TROPHIC EXERCISE
Instructions: Ecosystems consist of trophic levels, or feeding levels, which comprise complex networks of
food chains called food webs. Evidence is accumulating that the more diverse the ecosystem, the healthier
and more viable it is.
• What is your favorite ecosystem? (Some example include tidal zones, oceans, coral reefs, tropical
forest, kelp forest, grassland, Savanna, alpine meadow, arctic or Antarctic ocean, tidal zones,
Temperate rain forest—you can get geographically specific and examine any of these or another you
think of in a specific area – for example for savannas- you could look at the trophic levels of the
African savanna or of the Brazilian cerrado for tidal zones you could look at Pacific Northwest tidal
zones or even more specifically Puget Sound tidal zones). The more specific you are, the easier this
assignment will be.
• Find information about your chosen ecosystem on the Internet or in a book or magazine. Draw the
food web and answer the questions below (TYPE YOUR ANSWERS)
•
To receive full credit on this exercise you must include a drawing of your food web (downloads from
the computer or photocopies from books, magazines etc.. are NOT acceptable). You must also cite
your source(s) and answer all of the following questions.
1) What are some of the key species whose presence is crucial for ecosystem
stability?
2) What would happen if you were to remove all individuals belonging to one of these
key species? Choose one specific example and describe the impact on other organisms
in the ecosystem as well as on the abiotic environment.
4) If you could save from extinction only one of the following: the carnivores or the
primary producers in an ecosystem, which would you protect?
5) How does what you now know about food webs and trophic levels affect your
response to campaigns to save the habitats of such uncharismatic organisms as fungi,
insects, and snakes?
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