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NAME: Period: Date: Unit #3: Instructions for Life” Study Guide (KEY) 1. Describe the shape of DNA. Double stranded helix 2. Copy and paste a picture of DNA that is 3 nucleotides long. Be sure to label which base pairs are bonded together. Refer to online images for help 3. Explain why the DNA that you extracted in lab did not look like a double helix. (Hint: How much of the DNA were you looking at in the test tube?) The actual DNA molecule is much too small to be seen by the naked eye. Even with the most powerful microscopes, we can’t actually see it. DNA REPLICATION 4. Where does DNA replication happen in a cell? nucleus 5. What is the end result of DNA replication? A second identical double stranded helix 6. Create a template strand of 5 codons. Next replicate them to make a new strand. Be sure to follow the proper DNA-DNA “base pair rules”. Template strand: AAA TTT GGG CCC ACT New strand: TTT AAA CCC GGG TGA DNA VS. RNA 7. Describe the differences and characteristics of DNA vs. RNA using the table below: DNA RNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Ribonucleic acid Stands for? Single (SS) or double ( D S ) stranded? DS SS What type of sugar does it contain? Deoxyribose Ribose What are the 4 nitrogen bases it contains? ATCG AUGC Nucleus Nucleus and cytoplasm Where in the cell is it found? 8. Identify the location(s) and function(s) of each of the three types of RNA Nucleic Acid mRNA tRNA rRNA Location(s) Nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosome Cytoplasm, ribosome Cytoplasm Function Carries DNA message to cytoplasm Carries amino acids to ribosome Assembles ribosomes to a protein 1 9. Transcribe and translate the following DNA codons into a protein (polypeptide). Use the decoder wheel to do so. DNA codons mRNA codons tRNA anticodons Protein AGG UCC AGG SER CCT GGA CCU GLY ATT UAA AUU STOP GTA CAU GUA 10. Define the following (Quizlet) terms: a. Codon: b. Anticodon: c. Nucleotide: d. Gene: e. Genotype: f. Phenotype: g. Complementary: h. Replication: i. Transcription: j. Translation: 11. Complete the table below outlining protein synthesis. Where in the cell does it occur? Why does it happen? Describe what happens during this process. Translation Cytoplasm/Ribose Transcription Nucleus DNA cannot physically meet up with the ribosome in the cytoplasm; it is too large a polymer The mRNA message (by itself) doesn’t become the trait (phenotype). The protein still must be built. Refer to Central Dogma steps. Refer to Central Dogma steps. SS mRNA SS protein What is the end product? 2 12. Label all of the parts of the diagram below and describe what each of the parts are. Word Wall: ribosome, mRNA, tRNA, amino acid, codon, anticodon Nucleus mRNA Amino acid Transfer RNA (tRNA) anticodon Ribosome (rRNA) codon MUTATIONS 1. A change in a single gene is called a point mutation. a. When a nucleotide is deleted a deletion mutation occurs. b. When a nucleotide is added, a insertion mutation occurs. c. When one nucleotide is changed for another, it is called a substitution mutation. 2. A strand of DNA contains the following bases: ATT CCG GGA TTT. a. What are the amino acids are coded for? STOP GLYCINE PROLINE LYSINE b. If the ATT on the DNA strand is changed to ATG, what is the new amino acid sequence? STOP becomes TYROSINE c. If the CCG is mutated and becomes GCG, what is the new amino acid sequence? GLYCINE becomes ARGININE 3