Download Biology Evolution Unit Review

Name: ________________________ Date: _________________________ Biology Evolution Unit Review 1) Name and explain below the two main ways to “date fossils:” (pg. 419-­‐420) a. RELATIVE DATING: method used to determine the age of rocks by comparing the rocks with younger and older rock layers b. RADIOACTIVE DATING: method used to determine the age of rocks using the rate of decay of radioactive isotopes 2) What type of rock do fossils form in? (Pg. 418) SEDIMENTARY ROCK 3) In order to find the absolute age of a fossil, you cannot use just radioactive dating because radioactive dating can only be used on metamorphic or igneous rock and fossils form in sedimentary rock. Explain how you can combine radioactive and relative dating to determine the absolute age of a fossil. ROCKS FORM IN LAYERS. SINCE YOU CANNOT PERFORM RADIOACTIVE DATING ON SEDIMENTARY ROCK, YOU MUST USE RADIOACTIVE DATING ON THE IGNEOUS AND METAMORPHIC ROCK SURROUNDING THE FOSSIL TO GET A ROUGH ESTIMATED OF THE AGE OF THE FOSSIL. YOU COULD ALSO GET THE AGE OF THE ROCKS ABOVE THE FOSSIL AND BELOW THE FOSSIL AND USE THE PROCESS OF RELATIVE DATING TO DETERMINE THE AGE. 4) Explain in three to four steps how a fossil forms (the process of fossilization). (Note Outline or Pg. 394 in Zebra Book) 1. Organism dies 2. Organism is quickly covered by sediments 3. Minerals replace or fill in the space of the bones and hard portions of the organism 5) Approximately, how old is the Earth? (Pg. 423) 4.6 Billion Years Old 6) From the beginning of Earth until the present day, approximately what percentage of all life has become extinct? (Pg. 417) 99% 7) What scientist originally came up with the theory of natural selection and where did he first make his observations that lead to the development of this theory? (Video and Pg. 418) CHARLES DARWIN; GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 8) Describe what observations Darwin made about the following organisms on the Galapagos Islands that lead him to his theory of natural selection. (Video) a. Tortoises: TORTOISES HAD DIFFERENT SHAPED SHELLS DEPENDING UPON THE ISLAND THEY WERE LOCATED. DUE TO THE DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS THERE WERE DIFFERENT FOOD SOURCES. IF THE FOOD SOURCE WAS HIGHER THE TORTOISE MAY HAVE AN ARCHED NECK TO REACH UP TO THE FOOD; IF THEY DID NOT NEED TO REACH UP THEY DID NOT HAVE AN ARCH, ETC. b. Finches: FINCHES HAD DIFFERENT SHAPES AND SIZES OF BEAKS DEPENDING UPON THE ISLAND THEY WERE LOCATED. DUE TO THE DIFFERENT ENVIRONMETNS THERE WERE DIFFERENT FOOD SORUCES; THEIR BEAKS ALLOWED THEM TO FEED ON THE SPECIFIC FOOD SOURCE IN THEIR ENVIRONMENT. 9) Define natural selection. Theory of evolution developed by Darwin; referred to as survival of the fittest 10)What are the four principles of natural selection? List & explain each. (What four things have to occur for natural selection to take place?) (Pg. 421) -­‐Variation: individuals in a population differ from one another -­‐Heritability: variations are inherited from parents -­‐Overproduction: populations produce more offspring than can survive -­‐Reproductive Advantage: some variations allow the organism that posses them to have more offspring than the organism that does not possess them 11)List and explain two specific adaptations that would make an organism more “fit” in their environment. ANSWERS WILL VARY. SOME EXAMPLES: WHITE FUR OF AN ARTIC FOX, WHICH ALLOWS THEM TO BLEND IN WITH THEIR SURROUNDINGS. EXTRA LAYER OF BLUBBER AND THICK FUR OF A POLAR BEAR IN THE ARCTIC TO STAY WARM IN THE COLD WEATHER. 12)In order for natural selection to take place an organism must be fit for survival and REPRODUCE (Note Sheet: Five Causes of Evolution) 13)What are the four main sources of evidence of evolution? FOSSIL RECORDS, EMBRYOLOGY, MOLECULAR SIMILARITIES, ANATOMICAL SIMILARITIES 14) What do we call the structures in the picture below that are constructed similarly and leads to the idea that they have common ancestors? HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURE 15) Structures in organisms that are reduced in size and serve no known and useful function, such as the pelvis of a whale below, the pelvis of a snake, or the appendix in a human, are known as VESTIGIAL structures. 16) Why would an organism still possess a structure that there is no known use for? THEIR ANCESTORS MOST LIKELY HAD A USE FOR THIS STRUCTURE AND THE STRUCTURE IS NOT HARMING THE SURVIVAL OR REPRODUCTION OF THE ORGANISM 17) A structure that is used for similar purposes in two species that are not from common ancestors (such as in the picture below, both are used for flying) and are constructed differently are known as ANALAGOUS structures. 18) Define embryo. Organism’s early prebirth stage of development 19) How does embryology serve as support of the theory of evolution? Even though their adult forms differ, the shared features of embryos of different organisms suggests that vertebrates evolved from a common ancestor. 20) The chart below show the number of differences in an amino acid sequence for a protein in the following animals compared to a human. Animal Number of Differences in Amino Acid Sequence Gorilla 1 Monkey 8 Frog 28 Lamprey 125 Which organism is most closely related to a human? GORILLA Which organism is the most distantly related to a human? LAMPREY 21) What is the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium equation? (Pg. 432 in Zebra Book & Note Outline) P2 + 2PQ + Q2 = 1 22) If the percentage of alleles for a population is calculated using the Hardy Weinberg equation and the next generation has the same percentages of alleles, then the population is said to be in genetic EQUILIBRIUM which means no EVOLUTION is taking place. (Note Outline) 23) True or False. It is very common for many generations to be in genetic equilibrium. FALSE 24) In order for a population to be considered in “genetic or Hardy Weinberg equilibrium,” what are the five conditions that all have to occur? (Note outline and Pg. 432 in Zebra Book) NO GENE FLOW, NO GENETIC DRIFT, RANDOM MATING, NO MUTATIONS, NO NATURAL SELECTION 25) What are the five main causes of evolutionary change? (Note Sheet on Five Causes of Evolutionary Change) GENE FLOW, NO GENETIC DRIFT, RANDOM MATING, NO MUTATIONS, NO NATURAL SELECTION 26) Define mutation. Permenant change in a cell’s DNA 27) True or False. All mutations have a negative effect. FALSE 28) Define gene flow. Random movement of individuals between populations, or migration, that increases genetic variation within a population and reduces differences between populations 29) What is the difference between immigraiton & emigration? Immigration is coming into a population and emigration is leaving or exiting a population. 30) Define genetic drift. Random change in allelic frequencies in a population 31) What type of genetic drift is being described in the scenarios below: a. Six squirrels leave their original population of 100 squirrels and move to a new location and breed to develop a new population Founder Effect b. A population of 200 macaws is affected by a deadly disease that brings the population down to 12 macaws; the 12 macaws are able to get the population back up to over 200 individuals Bottleneck Effect 32) When a female peacock chooses their male mate based upon the color & size of their feathers this is known as Non-­‐Random mating or Sexual selection. 33) Over time, short neck giraffes were not surviving to pass on their genes, and the tall neck giraffes were; therefore now we only see the long neck giraffess. This is called survival of the fittest; which of the five causes of evolutionary change does this example support? Natural Selection 34) For each scenario explained below, label which type of selection is being described: a. Tall neck giraffes survive and pass on their genes more frequently than the medium-­‐neck or short-­‐neck giraffes Directional Selection b. Gray water snakes and dark brown water snakes survive to pass on their genes more frequently than the medium colored water snakes due to their ability to camouflage themselves in their different locations Disruptive Selection c. Medium sized groundhogs survive more frequently to pass on their genes than small or large groundhogs because of their ability to escape predators and quickly fit into their burrows Stabilizing Selection