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Name: __________________________________________________ Date: _____________ Pd: _______ Unit 8: Ecology and Ecosystems Review Packet KEY is made of living and non living factors combined in an area. Ecosystems have a unique set of plants, animals, and organisms which are adapted to the environmental conditions in that area (forest vs desert) 1. What is an ecosystem? - 2. The graphic organizer shows the five levels of organization within the ecosystem : population, ecosystem, community, individual, biosphere. Write the correct word in the box on the left. biosphere ecosystem community population individual (or organism) 3. Define ecology: the study of the interactions of living organisms with each other and their environment. 4. Define “biotic” - is living, or alive 5. Define “abiotic” - is non-living 6. Define “producer” and give an example. Producers make their own food through photosynthesis. Ex: grass, flower, tree. 7. Define “primary consumer” and give an example. – get their energy from eating plants. Ex: deer, 8. Define “secondary consumer” and give an example. – get their energy from eating an animal, which ate a plant. Ex: wolf – which eats the deer, which ate the grass. 9. Consider this forest ecosystem. Identify at least 5 biotic and 5 abiotic factors which might exist there: Biotic: hawk, vulture, fox, rabbit, bacteria, fungi, mushrooms Abiotic: wind, water, soil, rocks, sunlight 10. How would a forest ecosystem differ from a desert ecosystem? Forests would have a completely different group of organisms than deserts. Organisms in each ecosystem are uniquely adapted to survive in the conditions there. 11. Define the following terms and give ONE EXAMPLE of an organism. Herbivore : is an animal which eats only plants. Ex: panda bear, deer, rabbit. Omnivore: is an animal which can eat plants or animals. Ex: brown bear, humans Carnivore: is an animal which eats only other animals. Ex: mountain lion, tiger, wolf Scavenger: an animal which feeds on carcasses of dead animals that it finds. Ex: vulture Decomposer: an organism which gets energy by breaking down bodies of dead organisms. Ex: fungus, some bacteria Predator: an animal which hunts, kills, and eats another animal to get food. Prey: the animal which is eaten by the predator 12. What is symbiosis? When two or more species live together, or in association with each other. 13. What are the 3 types of symbiotic relationships? List and explain each one. A. Mutualism – relationship in which both organisms benefit from the relationship. Ex: anemone and clownfish, some corals and algae B. Commensalism – relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed. Ex: shark and remora fish, whale and barnacle C. Parasitism – relationship in which one organism benefits while the other is harmed. Ex: fleas and dog, leeches and humans, ticks and humans, parasitic wasp and caterpillar 14. Compare and contrast food webs and food chains. both Food webs only Show producers, primary consumers, secondary Show a single pathway= of consumers, and tertiary energy flow through an consumers. ecosystem. Food chains only Show multiple pathways of energy flow through an ecosystem. Diagram how energy flows through an ecosystem Show the relationship between the types of organisms in an ecosystem. 15. What do the arrows represent in food webs and food chains? Which way do the arrows point? Arrows show the flow of energy. They point form the organism being eaten to the organism doing the eating. 16. Trophic levels and energy pyramids. About what percent of energy is transferred up each level at each layer or step on a food chain? Ten percent 17. Why does there always need to be more producers than primary consumers in a food chain or web? Since only 10% of energy is transferred, there must be a lot more producers at the bottom in order for enough energy to be left over and making it to the top levels. 18. How does the element carbon move through and around an ecosystem? It cycles through the carbon cycle. CO2 from the air is taken in by plants during photosynthesis and put into sugars. The carbon in the form of sugars is used by the plant to release energy, or when the plant is eaten, the animal uses the sugar for energy. The process of respiration releases the energy from the sugar, putting CO2 back into the atmosphere. Also, when plants and animals die, decomposers break down their body releasing CO2 back into the air. Under special conditions, dead plants and animals can be converted into fossil fuels such as oil, coal, and natural gas. When humans burn these fuels, the carbon is returned to the atmosphere as CO2. 19. Use the terms in the word bank below to correctly complete the Carbon Cycle diagram: Word Bank: death & decomposition photosynthesis fossil fuels cellular respiration combustion 20. What happens to carbon during respiration? It is returned to the atmosphere as CO2. 21. What happened to carbon during photosynthesis? It is taken from the air and put into sugars, and living tissue. The nitrogen cycle 22. What do nitrogen fixing bacteria do? They take N gas from the air and convert into forms that plants can use to grow and make proteins. 23. Where do plants get the nitrogen they need to make proteins, DNA, and grow? From nitrates in the soil, which were put there by N-fixing bacteria. 24. How do animals get the nitrogen they need to make proteins, DNA, and grow? Animals eat plants to get the nitrogen then need. 25. What happens to nitrogen when decomposers break down dead plants and animals? The nitrogen is released back into the soil, where plants can use it again, or de-nitrifying bacteria can release it back to the atmosphere. 26. What is ecological succession? It occurs after a disturbance. It begins a series of changes in plant and animal communities in an area over time. 27. How is primary succession different than secondary succession? Primary succession begins with bare rock, no soil. Secondary succession begins from previously existing soil. 28. What does a pioneer species do? Pioneer species are the first organisms to begin to grow in an area after the disturbance happens. 29. What is a climax community? It is the final set of plants and animals the develop in succession. These plants and animals are well adapted and will continue to replace themselves unless another disturbance occurs. 30. Use the word bank to complete the Venn Diagram on primary and secondary succession No previously existing plants Plants and animals adapt Comes after a disturbance Ends with a climax community Starts as a result of a forest fire Starts as a result of a volcano or receding glacier Previously existing life present primary succession only No previously existing plants Starts as a result of a volcano or receding glacier. Starts on bare rock Lichens break down the rock Happens relatively slowly. Begins with pioneer species Starts with previously existing soil Starts on bare rock Lichens break down rock Happens relatively slowly Happens relatively quickly Gradual growth and changes over time both Plants and animals adapt Gradual growth and changes over time Comes after a disturbance Begins with pioneer species Ends with a climax community secondary succession only Starts with previously existing soil Starts as a result of a forest fire. Happens relatively quickly