Download Brinkley Chapter 1 Notes - Marlington Local Schools

Brinkley, Chapter 1 Notes
The First Americans
The first Americans proved highly nomadic, adaptive and inventive. By
about 6,000 BC some Native American peoples in present-day Mexico and
Peru were raising domesticated crops.
Brinkley
They gradually bred maize into a nutritious
plant that had a higher yield per acre than
did wheat, barley, or rye. They learned to
plant beans and squash with the maize
which kept the soil fertile.
Chapter 1
Collision of Cultures
The resulting agricultural surplus encouraged population growth and eventually
laid the economic foundation for wealthy, urban societies in Mexico, Peru, and
the Mississippi Valley.
The Civilizations of the North
Great
Basin
Cahokia
Consider North American
geography on Indian
modes of subsistence.
Indians of North America
The Civilizations of the North
Eskimo - Nomads, hunters of seal, moose, caribou
Pacific Northwest - Salmon fishing, substantial permanent settlements
Southwest - Arid, irrigation systems, towns built from adobe, hunter/gatherers
Great Plains - Sedentary farming, hunting, large permanent settlements
Eastern Woodlands - Farming, hunting, gathering, fishing simultaneously.
Southeast - Permanent settlements, large trading networks corn and grain
In all tribes, women cared for children and prepared meals.
Indian societies were matrilineal - kinship based on the mother's line
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Brinkley, Chapter 1 Notes
The Mayas and Aztecs
European Expansion
The Olmec, Mayas, Aztecs, and Incas built sophisticated societies is Mesoamerica.
Between 800-900 AD, Mayan
civilization went
into decline. The arrival of the
Spanish
conquistadores in the 1520s
almost obliterated
the Mayan existence.
The Aztecs settled on an island
in Lake Texoco not far from the
Great Pyramid. There, in 1325
they built a new city,
Tenochtitlan
Merchants forged trading routes that criss-crossed the empire, importing furs, gold,
textiles, food and obsidian as far north as the Rio Grande river. By 1500,
Tenochtitlan was a magnificent city with more than 200,000 people - far more than
any European city.
Hernan Cortes
Like Columbus, Cortes was on the search for gold. After defeating the Mayans
he then conquered the Aztecs.
The Aztecs faced superior
military technology. The
Spanish also had a silent ally:
disease. A smallpox epidemic
ravaged and killed thousands.
Francisco Pizarro
In 1524, Pizarro set out to accomplish the same as
Cortes.
Smallpox also aided Pizarro
in defeating the Incas.
Voyages of Christopher
Columbus to find GOLD
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Europeans were almost
entirely unaware and
uninterested in expansion
until the end of the 15th
century because:
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1. European population (re)growth following the Black Plague (1347)
2. Expansion of commerce coincided with population growth
3. New, stronger united governments that could support expansion
4. Explorers finding faster sea routes to Asia
5. Columbus' "success" encouraged others (Cortes, Pizarro) to explore also
Legacy of Conquest
Spanish monarchs quickly transferred Spanish institutions - municipal courts,
legal code, bureaucracy, and the Catholic Church.
Conquistadores were given encomiendas royal grants giving them legal control over
land and Native American workers. They
ruthlessly exploited their workers.
The Spanish conquest changed the ecology of
Europe, Africa, and Asia. Known as the
Columbian Exchange. The food products of
the Western Hemisphere - especially maize,
potatoes, and tomatoes significantly increased
agricultural yields and population growth in
other continents.
The Spanish also
introduced horses to the
Americas.
Legacy of Conquest
In Europe, the gold that had formerly honored Aztec and
Inca gods now flowed into Spanish treasuries. The
American wealth that flowed around the globe between
1540-1640 made Spain the richest and most powerful
nation in Europe.
A new society took shape on the lands
emptied by disease and exploitation. Between
1500-1650 at least 350,000 Spaniards
migrated to Mesoamerica and western South
America. More than 75% were men -poor,
unmarried, and unskilled.
Consequently, a substantial mixed-race
population, mestizos, quickly appeared, along with
an elaborate caste system based on racial
ancestry that endured for centuries.
Mestizo - "One of the many cultural fusions between the two
groups that came from colonization."
Graffice, Hunter. Ch.1 RG, 2014.
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Brinkley, Chapter 1 Notes
Spanish Colonization
By the 1560s, the Spanish gave up searching for gold and focused on
defending their empire.
Spain established a fort at St. Augustine in 1565, making
it the first permanent European settlement in the United
States. Settlement also brought forced conversion.
Spanish friars whipped Indians who continued to practice
polygamy and punished those who worshipped traditional
gods. Religious conversion, cultural assimilation, and forced
labor went hand in hand.
The friars encouraged the Indians to talk, cook,
and dress like Spaniards. They ignored laws that
protected the native peoples and allowed
privileged Spanish landowners to extract goods
and forced labor. The missions themselves
depended on Indian workers to grow crops and
carry them to market.
Pope and the Uprising of 1680
The Spanish realized they could not
prosper in New Mexico if they were in
constant conflict with the natives.
Exhausted by a generation of
warfare, the Pueblos agreed to a
compromise with the Spanish.
The Spanish agreed to reduce the amount of forced labor, allow
Indians to own land, and tolerated Indian religious rituals.
In return, the Pueblos spoke Spanish, accepted patrilineal kinship
system, and helped defend New Mexico from nomadic Indian attacks.
New Netherland: Commerce
The Dutch were a powerhouse of 17th century Europe
in wealth, trade, art, scholarship, and naval prowess.
By 1600, Amsterdam had become the financial and
commercial hub of northern Europe.
In 1609 Dutch merchants dispatched the English
mariner Henry Hudson to locate a navigable route to
the riches of the East Indies. What he found as he
sailed the rivers of northeast America was fur.
Following the exploration of the
Hudson River the merchants
built fort Orange (Albany) in
1614 to trade for furs with the
Iroquois Indians.
In 1621 the Dutch government charted the
West India Company, which founded the
colony of New Netherland, set up New
Amsterdam (Manhattan Island)
as its capital, and brought in farmers and
artisans to make the colony self-sustaining.
To protect its colony from rivals England and France, the West India
Company granted huge estates along the Hudson River to wealthy Dutchmen
who promised to populate them.
Pope and the Uprising of 1680
Converted Indians prayed to God to protect them from European diseases,
droughts, and raids from other tribes. They did not feel their prayers were
answered so they converted back. Spanish officials tried to suppress native
religious rituals.
In 1598, an expedition of 500 Spanish soldiers led by Juan de Onate from
Mexico claimed Pueblo Indian land for Spain and began to establish a colony.
Onate granted encomiendas to his followers. By 1607, they founded Santa Fe.
Onate seized corn and clothing from the Pueblo people and murdered those
who resisted.
When the Indians of the Acoma pueblo retaliated by killing 11 soldiers, the
Spanish in-turn killed 800 Indians. As a result, Indians tolerated the Spaniards
out of fear of military reprisal.
In 1684, in a carefully coordinated rebellion, the Indian shaman Pope and his
followers killed more than 400 Spaniards and forced 1,500 colonists to flee 300
miles to El Paso. Repudiating Christianity, they desecrated churches and rebuilt
their stone structures in which they worshipped around. In 1696, the Spanish
returned and crushed the last of the revolt.
New France: Fur Traders and Missionaries
In the 1530's Jacques Cartier claimed the lands
bordering the Gulf of St. Lawrence for France.
The first permanent settlement came in 1608 when
Samuel de Champlain founded the fur trading post of
Quebec.
The colony did not begin to prosper until 1662
when King Louis XIV turned New France into a
royal colony and subsidized migration of
indentured servants.
New France developed as a vast enterprise for
acquiring furs. Furs were in great demand in
Europe to make hats and garments.
To secure plush beaver pelts from the Hurons,
who controlled trade north of the Great Lakes,
Champlain provided them with manufactures
and guns to fight the expansionist minded 5
Nations of New York (Iroquois).
Other French explorers
claimed land as far south the
Mississippi River to the port
of New Orleans,
in honor of King Louis XIV.
New Netherland: Commerce
Like the French, the colony then
flourished as a fur trading
enterprise. Unlike the French, the
Dutch had less respect for its
Algonquin and Iroquois
neighbors.
The Dutch seized prime farming land from the Algonquin and took over their
trading network, which exchanged corn in Long Island for furs from Maine. In
response, in 1643, the Algonquins attacked the Dutch colony, nearly destroying
it. To defeat the Algonquin, the Dutch waged vicious warfare.
After the crippling war, the West India Company ignored New Netherland, and
expanded its profitable trade in African slaves and Brazilian sugar.
In New Amsterdam, Peter Stuyvesant ruled in an authoritarian fashion. The
residents offered little resistance when the English invaded the colony in 1664.
The Duke of York, then ruled the new English colony of New York
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Brinkley, Chapter 1 Notes
The Arrival of the English
Incentives for Colonization:
1. Scare land due to conversion from crops to sheep pastures
2. Population Increase led to scarce land
3. Merchant capitalists wanted new markets to sell products such as wool
These colonists settled the Chesapeake region
Incentives for Colonization:
1. Protestant and subsequent English Reformation
Mercantilism
The belief that one person or nation could grow rich only at the expense of
another, and that a nation's economic health depended, therefore, on selling
as much as possible to foreign lands and buying as little as possible form
them.
"It's the economic wing of Imperialism"
(Thomas Mason, 2013)
Colonies became the source of raw
materials and a market for the
colonizing power's goods.
2. Religous persecution
These colonists settled the New England region
The Reformation
Martin Luther - Wittenberg, Germany, 1517. 95 Theses - Protesting against
clerical abuses of nepotism and the sale of indulgences in the Catholic
Church. Excommunicated by the Pope in 1520. Led followers out of
Catholicism.
After the defeat of the Spanish Armada
in 1588, England became the strongest
naval power on the Atlantic.
Puritan Discontent
Puritans did not believed the Church of England was "purified" enough of
Catholic traditions. They wanted the Church to undergo more reforms of
worship and leadership.
They will settle the Massachusetts Bay Colony
John Calvin - Went farther than Luther. Introduced the doctrine of
predestination - God "elected" people to be saved and condemned others to
damnation before birth. This fate cannot be changed.
Followers though came to believe that through hard work and good deeds,
they can change their salvation. Calvinism spread to France and produced
the Huguenots and to the Puritans in England.
The English Reformation led to the adoption of the Anglican Church (Church
of England). Mostly done out of a political dispute between King Henry VIII
and the Pope.
Africa and America
Europeans saw African
society as dark and
slavish.
Radical Puritans were separatists. Also known as Pilgrims. They wanted to
separate completely from the Church of England.
They will settle the Plymouth Colony
Both groups were antagonized in England by James I
(chosen heir of Queen Elizabeth I) and his successors
leading them to flee from religious persecution.
Demand for slaves grew
enormously in the New
World with the cultivation of
SUGAR
Residents of upper
Guinea had trade
networks with the
Mediterranean. Mali
was the home of
Timbuktu, the largest
center of education
and a meeting place of
peoples from many
kingdoms in Africa.
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