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UNIT 1 The Human Body and Disease
Concepts of the
Human Body
The Study of the
Human Body
Organization of the
Human Body
Body Cavities,
Regions, and
Quadrants
Anatomical
Terminology
LifeS pan
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learning
o u tc o m e s
AFTER COMPLETING THIS CHAPTER, YOU WILL BE ABLE TO:
1.1
Compare anatomy and physiology
and their interconnectivity.
1.2
Classify the organization of the body from
the chemical level to the organism.
1.3
Describe the different body cavities,
abdominal regions, and quadrants and
list the organs found in each.
1.4
Identify the anatomical position and explain its
importance and recall anatomical terminology
for the study of anatomy and physiology.
1.5
Summarize how knowledge of anatomy
and physiology will benefit activities
of daily living and life span.
essential terms
Rev. Confirming Pages
anatomical
(ana-TOM-ical)
position
anterior
(an-TER-e-or)
caudal (KAW-dal)
cranial (KRAY-nee-al)
deep
distal (DISS-tal)
dorsal (DOOR-sal)
homeostasis
(ho-me-o-STA-sis)
lateral (LAT-er-al)
medial (MEE-dee-al)
oblique (o-BLEK)
posterior (pos-TER-e-or)
proximal (PROX-im-al)
sagittal (SAJ-it-al)
superficial
(soop-er-FISH-al)
tissue (TISH-oo)
transverse (trans-VERSE)
ventral (VEN-tral)
Additional key terms in the
chapter are italicized and defined
intheglo ssary.
case study
Use the case study to focus on as you go through the chapter. The
questions will guide you as you learn anatomy and physiology and
understand the pathology associated with each body system.
CASE STUDY 1 Aspiring Medical Assistant
Ellen Besler is an aspiring medical assistant as well as a 38-year-old
wife and mother of two. She has always had an interest in medicine. She would love to become a medical assistant and help others. Ellen has been encouraged by her family to pursue her dream.
She really does not know much about anatomy or physiology. She
wonders why she has to take the course, and what she can do to
increase her chances of success.
As you go through the chapter, keep the following questions
in mind:
1. What is anatomy? And what are the different categories of
anatomy?
2. What is physiology?
3. How are physiology and anatomy interconnected?
4. What study techniques can you suggest to help Ellen succeed?
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study tips
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1. Choose a quiet place that has everything you need
to study effectively: textbooks, reference books,
paper, pencils, note cards, and a computer.
2. Write out a schedule for each week and chapter.
Be specific. Most authorities say for every hour of
class time you should be spending two to three
hours of study time. Do not try to do too much
at one time. Divide your time into manageable
units and include scheduled breaks.
3. Preview, read, and review the chapter.
4. Make flash cards for the essential terms of
the chapter.
5. Look at illustrations and tables and read the
captions.
6. Outline the chapter. After each section,
ask yourself what you just read.
7. Write down one to three questions
to ask your instructor.
8. Meet with a study group and review
and quiz each other.
9. Answer the questions at the end of the chapter.
10. What other ideas do you have that will help you be the best
anatomista ndp hysiologisty ouc an?
Introduction
The study of anatomy and physiology is one of the most fascinating topics
you can undertake. The human body is a complex machine; it is amazing
how so many different cells, tissues, and organs, each with a specific purpose, work together to produce a highly efficient organism. Your study
will begin at the chemical level and work all the way up to the organism
(Figure 1-1). You will also be learning a new language—the language of
science and the body. Whether you are learning anatomy and physiology
because it is required for the profession you have chosen or strictly for personal reasons, we are confident you will be delighted with the knowledge
and understanding you will achieve.
check
Why have you chosen to study anatomy and physiology?
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(tissue of
stomach wall)
O
H
Atom
(oxygen)
O
H
H2O molecule
(water)
Chemical
level
Tissue
level
(digestive
system)
Stomach
System
level
Cellular
level
Organ
level
LO 1.1
(typical cell)
Stomach
wall
Organism
(stomach)
FIGURE 1-1 The human body is organized in levels, beginning with the chemical level
(human)
and progressing to the cellular, tissue, organ, system, and organism (whole body) levels.
The Study of the Human Body
1.1
Anatomy (ana 5 up; tomy 5 to cut) is the science of the study of body structures. There are several branches of anatomy. Gross anatomy is the study of
the body at a macroscopic level (unaided by a microscope). Dissection is
often used for this study. In this textbook, we will devote our studies to
gross anatomy. Physiology is the study of the function of the body’s organs.
We study anatomy and physiology together because they are interconnected.
Essentially the shape or structure of cells, tissues, organs, and the organism
(the person) as a whole will determine the function. By having a thorough
understanding of normal anatomy and physiology, it is much easier to recognize abnormal situations when we encounter them. This knowledge will help
you grasp the meaning of diagnostic and procedural codes if you are going
into billing. It can also help you understand the clinical procedures you will
perform as a medical assistant, x-ray technician, nurse, or other health care
professional. It will be easier to see how and why certain diseases develop.
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Compare anatomy
and physiology and their
interconnectivity.
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Homeostasis is defined as the relative consistency of the body’s internal environment. Body conditions that must remain within a stable range
include body temperature, blood pressure, and the concentration of various
chemicals within the blood. Individual cells must also maintain homeostasis.
We will learn how the different organ systems work together to maintain
homeostasis and help us remain healthy (Figure 1-2).
homeostasis Relative
consistency of the body’s
internal environment.
check
What is the effect on the organism when homeostasis is disrupted?
Hair
Skin
Ribs
Skull
Temporalis
Clavicle
Pectoralis
major
Sternum
Humerus
Biceps
brachii
Vertebral
column
Pelvis
Rectus
abdominis
Radius
Ulna
Femur
Tibia
Sartorius
Quadriceps
femoris
Gastrocnemius
Fibula
Integumentary System
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Serves as a sense organ for the body, provides
protection, regulates temperature, prevents
water loss, and produces vitamin D precursors.
Consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands.
Provides protection and support, allows
body movements, produces blood cells, and
stores minerals and fat. Consists of bones,
associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints.
Produces body movements, maintains
posture, and produces body heat.
Consists of muscles attached to the
skeleton by tendons.
Cervical
lymph
node
Nasal
cavity
Pharynx
(throat)
Larynx
Mammary
plexus
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
Tonsils
Nose
Thymus
Axillary
lymph
node
Thoracic
duct
Lymphatic
vessel
Pharynx
(throat)
Oral cavity
(mouth)
Esophagus
Stomach
Liver
Gallbladder
Spleen
Inguinal
lymph node
Salivary
glands
Pancreas
Small
intestine
Large
intestine
Appendix
Rectum
Anus
Lymphatic System
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Removes foreign substances from the
blood and lymph, combats disease,
maintains tissue fluid balance, and
absorbs fats from the digestive tract.
Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph
nodes, and other lymphatic organs.
Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide
between the blood and air and regulates
blood pH. Consists of the lungs and
respiratory passages.
Performs the mechanical and chemical
processes of digestion, absorption of
nutrients, and elimination of wastes.
Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach,
intestines, and accessory organs.
FIGURE 1-2 Organ systems of the body.
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Hypothalamus
Brain
Pituitary
Spinal cord
Thyroid
Thymus
Pineal
body
Carotid
artery
Parathyroids
(posterior
part of
thyroid)
Jugular
vein
Nerve
Cauda
equina
Adrenals
Ovaries
(female)
Nervous System
A major regulatory system that detects
sensations and controls movements,
physiologic processes, and intellectual
functions. Consists of the brain, spinal
cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.
Pancreas
(islets)
Testes
(male)
Endocrine System
A major regulatory system that influences
metabolism, growth, reproduction, and
many other functions. Consists of glands,
such as the pituitary, that secrete
hormones.
Superior
vena cava
Pulmonary
trunk
Heart
Brachial
artery
Aorta
Femoral
artery and
vein
Inferior
vena cava
Cardiovascular System
Transports nutrients, waste products, gases,
and hormones throughout the body; plays
a role in the immune response and the
regulation of body temperature. Consists of
the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
Mammary
gland
(in breast)
Seminal
vesicle
Uterine
tube
Ureter
Ovary
Urinary
bladder
LO 1.2
Kidney
Prostate
gland
Ductus
deferens
Testis
Uterus
Urethra
Vagina
Urinary System
Removes waste products from the blood
and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and
water balance. Consists of the kidneys,
urinary bladder, and ducts that carry
urine.
Female Reproductive System
Produces oocytes and is the site of
fertilization and fetal development; produces
milk for the newborn; produces hormones
that influence sexual function and behaviors.
Consists of the ovaries, vagina, uterus,
mammary glands, and associated structures.
Epididymis
Penis
Male Reproductive System
Produces and transfers sperm cells to
the female and produces hormones that
influence sexual functions and behaviors.
Consists of the testes, accessory
structures, ducts, and penis.
FIGURE 1-2 (concluded)
Organization of the Human Body
1.2
The structure of the body can be divided into six different levels of organization with increasing complexity: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ
system, and organism (whole body).
The chemical level is the most basic level and is made up of atoms and
molecules (two or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds). Atoms
are the simplest units of all matter. Matter is anything that takes up space
and has weight. Certain elements or atoms are required for life. These
include carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P),
calcium (Ca), and sulfur (S). These essential atoms combine to make the
essential molecules needed for life including water, glucose, proteins, and
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Classify the organization of the body from
the chemical level to the
organism.
Basic Chemistry (Organic
Molecules)
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tissue A group of similar
cells that combine to
perform a specific function.
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). We will look at the chemistry of life more
closely in Chapter 2, Concepts of Chemistry.
The next level of organization, the basic structural and functional unit of
life, is the cell. Individual cells require a microscope to be looked at closely.
When cells act together to perform a specific function, the next level of
organization, they are classified as tissue. The four basic types of tissues in
the body are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue (Figure 1-3).
Chapter 3, Concepts of Cells and Tissues, will introduce you to the world of
organelles, cells, and tissues.
A Skeletal muscle: Elongated cylindrical cells with
striations and several nuclei
Locations: Throughout the body where voluntary
movement takes place
Functions: Movement of body parts such as the
extremities, head and neck, and spine
B Cardiac muscle: Short, branching cells with
striations and a single nucleus; has intercalated discs
between cells for intercellular communication
Location: Heart
Function: Contraction of the heart for blood circulation
C Smooth muscle: Short tapered cells, not striated with
a single nucleus
Locations: Walls of blood vessels and walls of hollow
organs such as the stomach and uterus
Functions: Maintains blood vessel diameter; controls
movement of food through the digestive tract, as well as
urine in the urinary system and the egg and sperm in
the reproductive tract
D Epithelium: Cells can be squamous (flat), cuboidal, columnar,
or transitional; cells can be arranged in a single layer (simple),
stratified, or pseudostratified
Locations: Epithelium lines body surfaces and cavities; for
example, it makes up the skin and lining of the digestive tract
E Connective tissue: The most abundant and varied of the four
tissue types; consists of cells and extracellular matrix
Locations: Throughout the body; bone, cartilage, blood, and
collagen are examples of connective tissue
Functions: Movement, storage of minerals, transport of oxygen
and carbon dioxide, a source of energy, protection, and support
F Nervous tissue: Consists of neurons and neuroglia (supporting cells)
Locations: Brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Functions: Receives, integrates, and responds to various internal and
external stimuli
FIGURE 1-3 Four basic tissue types.
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focus on Wellness: The Human Body
The human body is an amazing machine. Each organ system works in sync with other
organ systems. Each level of the body organization is built on simpler levels of organization. Understanding how the body works will provide you with a better understanding of
how to keep it working and maintain the most optimal state of health and wellness.
Two or more tissue types combine to form organs, and organs that perform a common function are called organ systems—the next two organizational levels of the human body. For example, the heart is made of cardiac
muscle tissue, connective tissue, and epithelial tissue. The heart and blood
vessels unite to form the cardiovascular system. The function of the cardiovascular system is to supply oxygen and nutrients to the cells and tissues
of the body and remove carbon dioxide and waste products. The organism
consists of all the organ systems working together to function as a unit or
living individual.
check
BodyC avities,R egions,
and Quadrants
1.3
Body cavities are spaces that help protect and support organs (Figure 1-4).
Two major body cavities are the dorsal cavity, located on the posterior
aspect of the body, and the ventral cavity, located on the front of the
body. The dorsal cavity is divided into the cranial cavity and the spinal
cavity (vertebral canal). The cranial cavity contains the brain and the spinal cavity contains the spinal cord. The organs of the dorsal cavity are well
protected because of the skull and the vertebral column. The ventral cavity
is divided into the thoracic cavity (chest cavity) and the abdominopelvic
cavity. The diaphragm separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
The thoracic cavity is divided into two pleural cavities, pericardial cavity,
and mediastinum. The lungs are found in the pleural cavities. The heart is
located in the pericardial cavity which is found in the mediastinum. The
mediastinum is a space located between the two lungs laterally and the
sternum anterior and the vertebral column posterior. It runs from the first
rib superiorly to the diaphragm inferiorly. The abdominopelvic cavity is
divided into a superior abdominal cavity and an inferior pelvic cavity. The
stomach, small and large intestines, gallbladder, liver, spleen, kidneys, and
pancreas are located in the abdominal cavity. The bladder and internal
reproductive organs are located in the pelvic cavity. The body cavities with
the exception of the abdominopelvic cavity provide protection to the internal organs because of the surrounding skeletal structures. Also, the cavities
are lined with protective connective tissue membranes and small amounts
of lubricating fluids.
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LO 1.3
What are the four basic tissue types?
Describe the different
body cavities, abdominal
regions, and quadrants
and list the organs found
in each.
dorsal Toward the back of
the body.
ventral Toward the front of
the body.
cranial Above or close to
the head.
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Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
Thoracic cavity
Diaphragm
Abdominal
cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Pelvic cavity
A Lateral view
Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
Mediastinum
Thoracic
cavity
Right pleural
cavity
Pericardial
cavity
Left pleural cavity
Thoracic cavity
Diaphragm
Abdominal
cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Pelvic cavity
B Anterior view
FIGURE 1-4 Major body cavities.
The abdominal area is further divided into nine regions or four quadrants (Figure 1-5). The regions and quadrants help physicians and other medical personnel such as x-ray technicians and medical assistants easily locate
organs and vital structures (Figure 1-6). When using the nine-region method,
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Right
hypochondriac
region
Right
lumbar
region
Right
iliac
(inguinal)
region
Epigastric
region
Umbilical
region
Hypogastric
region
Left
hypochondriac
region
Right upper
quadrant (RUQ)
Left upper
quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower
quadrant (RLQ)
Left lower
quadrant (LLQ)
Left
lumbar
region
Left
iliac
(inguinal)
region
B
A
FIGURE 1-5 (A) The abdominal area divided into nine regions and (B) the abdominal area divided into four quadrants.
a tic-tac-toe grid is drawn. Two horizontal lines and
two vertical lines are drawn. The top horizontal line
is drawn just below the rib cage and the lower horizontal line is drawn just below the tops of the hip
bones. The two vertical lines are drawn just medial to
the nipples through the middle of the clavicles. The
nine regions are named right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, and right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right inguinal, hypogastric, and left
inguinal. A simpler method of locating structures is
the quadrant method. To form the quadrants, a horizontal line and a vertical line are drawn through the
umbilicus. The four quadrants are named the right
upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower
quadrant, and left lower quadrant.
FIGURE 1-6 Knowledge of anatomy is essential to x-ray
technicians.
check
List all the cavities that the heart is found in.
from the perspective of . . .
A N A D M I N I S T R A T I V E M E D I C A L A S S I S T A N T Anadmin istrative
medical assistant updates and maintains patients’ medical records, fills
out insurance forms, and arranges for hospital admissions and laboratory
services as well as other duties depending on where he or she works.How
will learning the different directional terms help you communicate more
effectively with other health care providers?
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AnatomicalT erminology
1.4
Identify the anatomical
position and explain its
importance and recall
anatomical terminology
for the study of anatomy
and physiology.
anatomical position The
body is standing upright,
facing forward, with the arms
at the sides and the palms
of the hands also facing
forward.
sagittal A plane that divides
the body into left and right
portions.
transverse A plane that is
also described as horizontal
and divides the body into
upper and lower portions.
Anatomical terms are used to describe the location of body parts and various
body regions. Learning anatomy and physiology terms is like learning a new
language—one that all health care professionals must speak. To begin with,
you must understand the concept of anatomical position (Figure 1-7). This
is described as a body standing upright and facing forward with the arms at
the sides and the palms of the hands facing forward. A person lying on the
stomach is said to be in the prone position, and someone lying on the back
is in the supine position.
Planes and Sections
Flat surfaces or planes passing through the body are useful in identifying
structures. There are several planes or sections you should become familiar with (Figure 1-8). Medical professionals often use the following terms
to describe how the body is divided into sections: sagittal, transverse, and
frontal (coronal). A sagittal plane divides the body into left and right
portions. A midsagittal plane runs lengthwise down the midline of the
body and divides it into equal left and right halves. A transverse (horizontal) plane divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower)
LO 1.4
FIGURE 1-7
Midline
Anatomical position: The
individual is facing forward
with the arms at the sides
and the palms of the hands
facing forward as well.
Right
Proximal
REMEMBER ELLEN,
our aspiring medical
assistant? Why do you
think it is important for
Ellen to have a thorough
understanding of the
anatomical position?
Left
Superior
Medial
Lateral
Anterior
(ventral)
Distal
Posterior
(dorsal)
Proximal
Distal
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Median
(midsagittal)
plane
Parasagittal
plane
Transverse
(horizontal)
plane
A section along the
median plane
A section along a transverse
plane
A section along a frontal
plane
Frontal
(coronal)
plane
FIGURE 1-8 Sectioning the body along various planes allows observation and identification
of internal structures.
portions. A frontal, or coronal, plane divides the body into anterior
(frontal) and posterior (rear) portions. Although not a main body plane,
an oblique plane is one that runs at an angle other than perpendicular to
a sagittal, horizontal, or coronal plane. It is used in radiology, describing
x-ray views.
posterior Toward the
back of the body when in
anatomical position or in
behind another structure.
check
List the planes that would run perpendicular to a sagittal plane.
oblique At an angle
other than perpendicular
to a sagittal, horizontal, or
coronal plane.
Directional Anatomical Terms
Directional anatomical terms are used to identify the position of body structures relative to other body structures (Figure 1-9 and Table 1-1). The directional anatomical terms are cranial, cephalad, caudal, inferior, ventral, anterior,
dorsal, posterior, medial, lateral, proximal, distal, superficial, and deep. A
structure that is described as cranial would be approaching or close to the
head or skull. Cephalad and superior are often used interchangeably with
cranial. Caudal or inferior refers to away from the head. As stated previously,
ventral or anterior means the front of the body and dorsal or posterior, the
back. Medial refers to being comparatively closer to the midline of the body.
Lateral refers to relatively farther from the midline. For example, the eyes
are medial to the ears but lateral to the nose. Proximal refers to a structure
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anterior Toward the
front of the body when in
anatomical position or in
front of another structure.
caudal Away from the head.
medial Near the midline of
the body.
lateral Away from the
midline of the body.
proximal Nearer to the
attachment of an extremity
to the trunk or nearer to the
point of attachment or origin.
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TABLE 1-1
Directional Anatomical Terms
Term
Definition
Example
Superior (cranial
or cephalad)
Above or close to the head
The thoracic cavity is superior to the
abdominal cavity.
Inferior (caudal)
Below or close to the feet
The neck is inferior to the head.
Anterior (ventral)
Toward the front of the body
The nose is anterior to the ears.
Posterior (dorsal)
Toward the back of the body
The brain is posterior to the eyes.
Medial
Close to the midline of the body
The nose is medial to the ear.
Lateral
Farther away from the midline of the
body
The ears are lateral to the nose.
Proximal
Close to a point of attachment or to
the trunk of the body
The knee is proximal to the ankle.
Distal
Farther away from a point of
attachment or from the trunk of
the body
The fingers are distal to the wrist.
Superficial
Close to the surface of the body
The skin is superficial to muscle.
Deep
More internal
The bones are deep to the skin.
Superior (cranial)
Midline
Dorsal (posterior)
Lateral
Ventral (anterior)
Medial
Deep
Superficial
Proximal end
of forearm
Midline
Distal end
of forearm
Proximal end
of thigh
Dorsal
surface
of hand
Distal end
of thigh
Ventral
surface
of leg
Inferior (caudal)
FIGURE 1-9 Directional terms provide mapping instructions for locating organs and body parts.
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being closer to the trunk or a specified part. Distal is farther from the trunk
or specified part. For example, the wrist is more proximal to the elbow than
are the fingers. The fingers would be more distal to the elbow than the wrist.
Superficial is closer to the surface of the body. For example, the skin is more
superficial than the heart. Deep would be farther from the surface of the body.
check
Is the right shoulder or right ankle more proximal to the right knee?
distal Farther from the
attachment of an extremity to
the trunk or farther from the
point of attachment or origin.
superficial Located on or
near the surface of the body
or organ.
deep Away from the surface
of the body or organ.
Anatomical Terms Used to Describe Body Parts
Many other anatomical terms are used to describe different regions or parts
of the body (Figure 1-10). For example, the term brachium refers to the arm
and the term femoral refers to the thigh.
Cephalic (head)
Frontal (forehead)
Otic (ear)
Nasal (nose)
Oral (mouth)
Cervical (neck)
Acromial
(point of shoulder)
Axillary (armpit)
Orbital (eye cavity)
Occipital
(back of head)
Buccal (cheek)
Mental (chin)
Sternal
Acromial
(point of shoulder)
Pectoral
(chest)
Vertebral
(spinal column)
Mammary (breast)
Brachial (arm)
Brachial
(arm)
Antecubital
(front of elbow)
Abdominal
(abdomen)
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Carpal (wrist)
Dorsum (back)
Umbilical
(navel)
Cubital (elbow)
Lumbar
(lower back)
Inguinal
(groin)
Sacral (between hips)
Coxal
(hip)
Gluteal (buttocks)
Perineal
Palmar (palm)
Digital (finger)
Femoral (thigh)
Genital
(reproductive organs)
Popliteal (back of knee)
Patellar
(front of knee)
Crural (leg)
Crural (leg)
Tarsal (instep)
Pedal (foot)
Plantar (sole)
A
B
FIGURE 1-10 Numerous anatomical terms are used to describe regions of the body: (A) anterior view and (B) posterior view.
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LifeS pan
1.5
Summarize how
knowledge of anatomy
and physiology will
benefit activities of daily
living and life span.
From the moment we are conceived we start to age. As early as our twenties
and thirties we may start to see subtle changes. We may not have the endurance we did when we were in our teens or early twenties. Skin changes
occur with loss of elasticity, loss of subcutaneous fat, and presence of “age
spots.” Metabolism also starts to slow down, which may affect diet as well
as drug metabolism. We also become more susceptible to cancers as our
body is not as quick to repair DNA damage. By becoming knowledgeable of
anatomy and physiology, you will gain valuable insights into how you can
assist your patients in living longer, healthier lives.
Let’s take a moment to see how Ellen, our medical assistant student, is
doing. Do you think she now sees the importance of learning anatomy and
physiology? What are your thoughts?
chapter 1
LO 1.5
summary
learning outcomes
key points
1.1
Compare anatomy and physiology and
their interconnectivity.
Anatomy is the study of structures of the body
and physiology is the study of the function of
those structures. Each has a dramatic impact
on the other and that is why we often study
them together.
1.2
Classify the organization of the body from
the chemical level to the organism.
Humans, like other animals, are classified by
simpler to more complex levels of organization.
This begins at the chemical level and becomes
more complex as we move through the
cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and finally
the organism (whole body) level.
1.3
Describe the different body cavities,
abdominal regions, and quadrants and list
the organs found in each.
The ventral cavity is divided into a thoracic and
abdominopelvic cavity. The dorsal cavity is divided
into a cranial and spinal cavity. You should be able
to list the major organs and structures found in
each of these cavities. The abdominal area can be
divided into nine regions or four quadrants. This
further helps with location of structures.
1.4 Identify the anatomical position and explain
its importance and recall anatomical
terminology for the study of anatomy and
physiology.
1.5
boo02222_ch01_002-017.indd 16
Summarize how knowledge of anatomy
and physiology will benefit activities of
daily living and life span.
In the anatomical position, the individual is
standing upright, facing forward with the arms
at the sides and the palms also facing forward.
This is an important concept to prevent
misunderstanding when describing body
structures. Knowing the correct terminology
will allow you to communicate effectively with
other health care providers.
As soon as we are born we start to age. Endurance
decreases, skin loses elasticity, and metabolism
changes. We become more susceptible to
cancers and other illnesses. Understanding
normal anatomy and physiology will allow you to
understand your own body and its needs as well
as quickly recognize and appreciate pathology
when it is encountered in your patients.
1/4/12 10:04 PM
case study 1 questions
Can you answer the following questions that pertain to Ellen’s case study presented earlier
in this chapter?
1. How are anatomy and physiology related to each other?
2. Why is it important to understand normal anatomy and
physiology before learning what is abnormal?
3. What would you recommend to help make learning effective and fun for Ellen?
review questions
1. The heart is located in which of the following body cavities
(there may be more than one correct answer)?
a. Dorsal cavity
b. Cranial cavity
c. Ventral cavity
d. Thoracic cavity
2. Which level of organization is immediately above the cellular level?
a. Chemical
b.Tissue
c. Organism (whole body)
d. Organ
3. Which one of the following statements is correct?
a. The skin is superficial to the wrist.
c. The spine is posterior to the abdomen.
b. The head is ventral to the knee.
d. The ankle is proximal to the abdomen.
4. Which one of the following is not a basic tissue type?
a. Epithelial
b.M uscle
c.N ervous
d.Con nective
e.B one
chapter 1 review
Rev. Confirming Pages
critical thinking questions
1. Discuss how a problem at the cellular level would impact homeostasis of the organism.
2. Discuss the organs you would find in the various ventral cavities of the human body.
3. Discuss the organs you would find in the right upper quadrant.
patient education
You are asked to give a short presentation to a class of high school juniors on the benefits
of learning human anatomy and physiology. What would be the main points of your talk?
Include both personal and professional aspects.
applying what you know
Your best friend has been having some pain on her right side just above her hip. The physician suspects it may be her appendix. Using your knowledge of the quadrants and regions
of the abdomen, answer the following questions.
1. Which region of the abdomen would the physician describe the pain as being located?
a. Right lumbar region
c. Right hypochondriac region
b. Right iliac (inguinal) region
d.Hyp ogastricr egion
2. In what quadrant of the abdomen would the physician describe the pain as being located?
a. RUQ
b. LUQ
c. LLQ
d. RLQ
CASE STUDY 2 Football Injury
Mark Buchholz, a 22-year-old, plays left tackle for his college football team. He was hurt
when he made a tackle that prevented the other team from winning the game. The sports
physician suspects he may have injured his head and/or neck.
1. What body cavities may be involved?
2. What planes or sections would you want to look at using x-rays?
CHAPTER 1
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Concepts of the Human Body
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