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The Endocrine System •The endocrine system secretes hormones that stimulate growth and many kinds of reactions, such as activity levels and moods. •The major endocrine glands include the pituitary, the thyroid, the adrenals, the testes, and the ovaries. Ovaries & Testes Ovaries in females and testes in males produce hormones that influence sexual development and functions. Both glands produce estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone. Estrogen and Progesterone Testosterone • Estrogen and progesterone are female sex hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle. • Estrogen has psychological as well as biological effects. • Low levels of estrogen and progesterone are found in males. • Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone. • It aids the growth of muscle and bone. • It aids development of primary and secondary sex characteristics. • Small amounts are found in females. Essential Question: How does the endocrine system affect the human body? Basic Vocab Endocrine System – consists of glands that secrete substances Hormones – are produced by several different glands and stimulate growth and many kinds of reactions Pituitary Gland – responsible for the secretion of many different hormones that affect various aspects of behavior such as the growth hormone Thyroid Gland – produces thyroxin which affects the body’s metabolism Adrenal Gland – the outer layer of the adrenal gland, or cortex, secretes cortical steroids which increase resistance to stress and promote muscle development Three Endocrine Glands The endocrine system consists of glands that secrete substances called hormones. The Pituitary Gland The Thyroid Gland • It lies just below the hypothalamus in the middle of the brain. • It secretes hormones that include human growth hormone, prolactin, and oxytocin. • Some pituitary hormones stimulate other endocrine glands such as the adrenals, thyroid, and ovaries or testes. • It produces the hormone thyroxin. • Thyroxin affects the body’s metabolism. • Too little thyroxin can cause hypothyroidism and cretinism. • Too much thyroxin can cause hyperthyroidism. Three Endocrine Glands cont. The Adrenal Glands • They are located above the kidneys. • The outer layer, or cortex, secretes cortical steroids. • Cortical steroids increase resistance to stress, promote muscle development, and make the liver release stored sugar to provide energy during emergencies. • The adrenal glands produce adrenaline and noradrenaline.