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Transcript
Name: ____________________________________ Title of Text: Ch. 11.2—Probability & Punnett Squares PreDuringPost Cornell Notes Essential Question(s): How does biological information pass from one generation to another? How can we use genetics to study human inheritance? Prediction: I predict this section will be about using Punnett squares to understand probability in genetics. Questions 1. What is the relationship between genetics and probability? Answers Principles of probability can be used to predict the outcomes of genetic crosses. o A coin landing on heads or tails has the same probability as a child being a boy or girl (1/2) 2. What are Punnett squares? How are they used in genetics? Punnett squares can be used to predict and compare the genetic variations that will result from a cross. o Homozygous have the same alleles for a trait (i.e. TT) and are true-breeding. o Heterozygous organisms have different alleles for a trait (i.e. Tt) and are hybrids. 1 J.Adams/AEC/2010 PDP Cornell Notes Questions 3. How are probability and segregation related? Answers As seen in the Punnett square, the probability for tall plants in the F2 generation was ¾ and ¼ for short. This 3:1 ratio of phenotypes was observed in Mendel’s pea plants, therefore showing that segregation of alleles did occur. 4. How do probabilities predict averages? Probability does not predict the precise outcome, but rather an average outcomes of a large number of events. The larger the number of offspring, the closer the resulting numbers will be to the expected results. Vocabulary: Probability: likelihood that particular event will occur [probare—“to test or demonstrate”] Punnett Square: diagram showing the gene combination that might result from a genetic cross Focus Words: Genetics, probability, Punnett square, phenotype, genotype Summary (20 word max): In genetics, Punnett squares are used as a tool to predict the probability of inheriting certain genotypes and phenotypes. Homozygous: term used to refer to an organism that has two identical alleles for a particular trait [homo—“same”; zygon—“yoke”] Heterozygous: term used to refer to an organism that has two different alleles for the same trait [heteros—“the other, another, different”] Phenotype: physical characteristic of an organism [phainein—“to show”] Genotype: genetic makeup of an organism [genos—“race, offspring”] 2 J.Adams/AEC/2010