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Atoms, Matter & Energy The periodic table First periodic table organized by _____________________________________ in 1869 o Recognized patterns based on ___________________________________________ of the elements that have been discovered o Also included: atomic mass: ____________________________________________________ o The periodic table is organized by _____________________________________. Element: a substance that cannot be broken down into ________________________________ by ordinary chemical means. Atom: The _________________________________ from which all elements are made. Molecule: two or more atoms that are ____________________________________ to form a larger particle. The Atom An Atom is made mostly of ______________________ Atoms have two main parts o _______________________ o _______________________ The Nucleus is made up of two smaller parts: Protons – _________________________________ particles Neutrons – particle having _________________________________ Electrons Are contained in “shells” that surround the nucleus _______________________________ particles that orbit around the nucleus Valence electrons – electrons found on the _______________________________ and aid in bonding atoms together How to read the Periodic Table Atomic number (the number on top of the chemical symbol) o The number of ___________________________ found in the nucleus of an atom Atomic mass unit (amu) (the number under the name/symbol) o Mass of the atom including ___________________________________________ Fun Fact: There are always the same number of __________________ as ________________ in each element! Periodic table today organized by the atomic number Atom, Molecule, Compound Review: Examples of an Atom: _____________________________________________ Examples of a Molecule: ___________________________________________ Examples of a Compound: __________________________________________ Changes in Matter Physical Change: you have the same ______________________ both before and after a physical change. The object changes in size, shape, or form. o Ex: Chemical Change: a change in the composition of materials creating a _________________________________ with totally new properties. (you can NOT get the old substance back) o Ex: Indicators of a Chemical Change: Gas Liberations: _________________ is formed and you observe bubbles Heat and/or Light is Given off: usually observed as _____________________ Color Change: The substance changes color Precipitate Forms: _________________________ form in a liquid and sink to the bottom of the container Definition of Matter Matter is anything that 1. _____________________ and 2. ___________________________ Mass – amount of ________________________ Volume- amount of _____________________________________________ The study of matter is _________________________________ Law of Conservation of Matter Matter cannot be ___________________________________________in a physical or chemical change it can only be transformed. Chemical equations have to “balance” on either side of the equals sign… Energy Changes: All changes in matter, physical and chemical include a change in energy. The types of energy that can change are: Thermal, Electromagnetic, Chemical, Electric and Nuclear Thermal Energy Thermal Energy: is all of the energy of all of the _______________________________________________________________. o This is the _____________________________________ in energy when you have a change in matter o __________________________ is used to measure the average energy of the motion of particles in an object. The faster they move, the hotter the object o The flow of thermal energy will always be from _________________________ _______________________________. o The energy will continue to move until it reaches ________________________ o Two types of thermal change o Endothermic: energy is taken in or absorbed. (The matter being changed absorbs the heat so it feels cold.) o Exothermic: energy is _______________________________________. Combustion is an example. (The matter feels warm or hot.) Chemical Energy Chemical energy: this is energy _____________________________________________ that hold the atoms of a substance together. When a chemical change occurs, bonds are broken and new bonds form. _______________________ is released in the process. Electromagnetic Energy Electromagnetic energy: this is energy that travels _______________________________ _______________________. Examples: visible light, microwaves, and x-rays. Electrical Energy Electrical Energy: this occurs when ___________________________________________ Particles (electrons) move from one location to another. Chemistry: Intro to Elements and Atoms Teacher The periodic table First periodic table organized by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869 o Recognized patterns based on physical and chemical properties of the elements that have been discovered o Also included: atomic mass: average mass of an atom o The periodic table is organized by physical properties. Element: a substance that cannot be broken down into smaller substances by ordinary chemical means. Atom: The basic particle from which all elements are made. Molecule: two or more atoms that are chemically combined to form a larger particle. The periodic table today Background on the structure of the atom o Nucleus Contains protons and neutrons Protons – positively-charged particles Neutrons – particle having no charges o Electrons Electrons – negatively-charge particles that orbit around the nucleus Valence electrons – electrons found on the outer ring and aid in bonding atoms together Atomic number o The number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom Atomic mass unit (amu) o Mass of the atom including protons, neutrons and electrons Periodic table today organized by the atomic number Compound vs. Mixture Compound:two or more elements combined chemically in definite proportions. The properties of the compound are different from the properties of the element. Mixture: combination of two or more elements or compounds, which are NOT combined chemically, and NOT in definite proportions. Each substance keeps its own properties. Examples Compounds Mixtures Types of Mixtures Heterogeneous Mixture: you can easily see the different substances. Homogeneous Mixture: it is so evenly mixed that you can NOT see the different substances that make it up. o Examples Changes in Matter Physical Change: you have the same substance both before and after a physical change. The object changes in size, shape, or form. o Ex: Chemical Change: a change in the composition of materials creating a new substance with totally new properties. o Ex: Law of Conservation of Matter Matter cannot be created or destroyed in a physical or chemical change. Energy Changes: All changes in matter, physical and chemical include a change in energy Thermal Energy Thermal Energy: is all of the energy of all of the particles in an object. o This is the most common change in energy when you have a change in matter o Temperature is used to measure the average energy of the motion of particles in an object. o The flow of thermal energy will always be from warmer object to cooler objects. o Temperature is used to measure the average energy of the motion of particles in an object Two types of thermal change o Endothermic: energy is taken in or absorbed. (The matter being changed absorbs the heat so it feels cold.) o Exothermic: energy is given off or released. Combustion is an example. (The matter feels warm or hot.) Chemical Energy Chemical energy: this is energy stored in the bonds that hold the atoms of a substance together. When a chemical change occurs, bonds are broken and new bonds form. Energy is released in the process. Electromagnetic Energy Electromagnetic energy: this is energy that travels through space as waves Examples: visible light, microwaves, and x-rays. Electrical Energy Electrical Energy: this occurs when electrically charged particles (electrons) move from one location to another. Indicators of a Chemical Change Gas liberation: a gas is formed and you observe bubbles Heat and/or Light is given off: usually observed as burning Color change: the substance changes to a different color. Precipitate Forms: solid particles form in a liquid and sink to the bottom of the container.