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Language function Justify © Hampton-Brown Justify How to Justify • State an opinion, idea, or problem. Example: My house has been destroyed. I need to save the important things. • Tell what decision is made. Example: I will take my photographs. • Explain beliefs or values that justify the decision. Example: Photographs are part of my family history. They cannot be replaced. Try It 1. Tell a partner one thing you would rescue if your home were damaged or threatened. 2. Tell your partner how you decided what to save. Use your values and beliefs to justify your decision. LEVEL C 000 S Grammar present, past, and future tense Why Do Verbs Have So Many Forms? Because They Change to Show When An Action Happens The tense of a verb shows when an action happens. Earlier Now Later Past Future Past Tense talked Present Tense talk talks Future Tense will talk • Present tense verbs tell about actions that happen now or on a regular basis. Okorie and I talk in his home. I visit him there often. • Past tense verbs tell about an action that already happened. Add -ed to show the past, or use the correct form of an irregular verb. He talked to me yesterday. We were honest with each other. Present Tense am, is are have, has go, goes see, sees Past Tense was were had went saw • Future tense verbs tell about actions that haven’t happened yet. He will ask me for advice soon. I will talk to his grandsons, too. © Hampton-Brown Try It A.Talk about the play. Change the underlinedverb to the past tense. 1. Okorie rests on the edge of his bed. He complains to me. 2. After our conversation, I go away for a time. 3. Can you guess where his grandsons will be at that moment? B.Talk with a partner about Okorie. Write four sentences about what might happen next. Use the future tense. LEVEL C 000 91 What If An Action Happened But You’re Not Sure When? Grammar present Perfect: regular verbs Use the Present Perfect Tense to Tell About It. • If you know when an action happened in the past, use a past tense verb. Last night, Okorie revealed a secret to Bassi. • If you’re not sure when a past action happened, use a verb in the present perfect tense . He has revealed other secrets to her before. • To form the present perfect, use the helping verb have or has plus the past participle of the main verb. For regular verbs, the past participle ends in - ed. Verb Past Tense Past Participle hope hoped hoped hug hugged hugged try tried tried Try It A.Say the sentence with the correct tense of the verb. © Hampton-Brown 1. Okorie often (talked / has talked) about hidden jewels. 2. This time, he (reported / has reported) where they were hidden. 3. Ojima and Arob (listened / have listened) to the conversation. 4. They (searched / have searched) for the jewels before. B.Now write four sentences about a surprise. Use verbs in the past tense and in the present perfect tense. LEVEL C 92 What If a Past Action Is Still Going On? Grammar present perfect: regular verbs Then Use the Present Perfect Tense. • Use the present perfect tense to show that an action began in the past and may still be happening. My class has watched this conflict. (And they are probably still watching it.) The boys have annoyed us. (And they are probably still annoying us.) Earlier Now Later Past Future Present Perfect Tense has watched have annoyed • A verb in the present perfect tense uses the helping verb have or has plus the past participle of the main verb. For regular verbs, the past participle ends in - ed. Try It A.Tell about the characters in the play. Use have or has plus the correct form of the main verb in parentheses. 1. For a long time, the grandsons Okorie a burden. (consider) © Hampton-Brown 2. They at the old man for years. (laugh) 3. Their behavior 4. He Okorie many times. (anger) to play a trick on them. (decide) B.Talk with a partner about this family. Write three sentences. Use have or has plus a main verb that ends in - ed. LEVEL C 93 Grammar present perfect: irregular verbs Do All Past Participles End in -ed? No, Irregular Verbs Have Special Forms. • Past participles of irregular verbs have a completely new spelling. Verb Forms of Be Past Tense Past Participle am, is was been are were been give gave given go went gone see saw seen • Use has or have plus the past participle to form the present perfect tense. Okorie has been happy lately. His grandsons have given him some respect. Try It A. Say each sentence. Use the present perfect of the verb in parentheses. © Hampton-Brown 1. Okorie to his grave now. (go) 2. The stranger, however, will. (see) the old man’s 3. Okorie’s grandsons mean to him. (be) 4. Therefore, he the boys nothing. (give) B.Write three sentences about respect within a family. Use the present perfect tense in each sentence. LEVEL C 94 Grammar review: present perfect tense Verbs in the Present Perfect Tense 95 Remember: Use have or has plus the past participle of a verb to form the present perfect tense. • The past participle of a regular verb ends in - ed. I have respected Uncle Pete for years. (respect + -ed) Uncle Pete has cared for people in need. (care [− e] + -ed) • The past participle of an irregular verb has a completely new spelling. Verb Past Participle Verb Past Participle be come get been come got or gotten hold show take held shown taken Try It A.Say each sentence. Use the present perfect of the verb in parentheses. 1. For years, my uncle 2. My sister kindness to strangers. (show) him feed homeless people. (see) © Hampton-Brown 3. Charity events a special focus of his. (be) B.Edit the paragraph. Fix five mistakes. The first is done for you. has Tia have respected her parents, even though she has not agree with them. Her parents always been firm about her clothes. Tia have shown some odd fashion tastes in the past, but she has always obeyed her parents. Now, their respect for her has grew. LEVEL C Language function Negotiate © Hampton-Brown Negotiate How to Negotiate • State the issue. Example: I love you but our families are enemies. • Show you understand both sides. Example: I realize it is risky for us to be together. • Use persuasive language. Example: Your love means more to me than my safety. I promise to love you forever. • Clearly state what you want. Example: Please run away with me. Try It 1. With a small group, imagine how Juliet would reply to Romeo as he negotiates to get her to run away with him. List issues Juliet might have. 2. Think of persuasive language that Romeo would use and compromises he could offer for each of Juliet’s concerns. LEVEL C 000 T How Do You Show Which Past Action Happened First? Grammar past perfect tense Use the Past Perfect Tense. • Use the past tense of a verb to tell about an action that was completed in the past. Last year, Amelia portrayed Juliet in Shakespeare’s famous play. • If you want to show that one past action happened before another, use the past perfect tense for the action that happened first. She had studied the play before she took the role. Even Earlier Earlier Now Later Past Future Past Perfect Tense She had studied the play. Past Tense She took the role. • To form the past perfect tense, use had plus the past participle of the main verb. I learned that Shakespeare had based his play on an old Italian story. Try It © Hampton-Brown A.Say each sentence. Use the past perfect tense of the verb in parentheses. 1. When I read the play, I thought that Shakespeare the story himself. (invent) 2. Until I talked to Amelia, I Shakespeare’s sources. (know) nothing about 3. Before he wrote the play, Shakespeare probably the Italian version of the story. (see) B.Why is “Romeo and Juliet” so famous? Talk with a partner. Write two sentences using the past perfect tense. LEVEL C 000 96 How Do You Know Which Tense to Use? Grammar past, present perfect, and past perfect Think About When the Action Happened. • When you tell about the past, you may need to relate actions in time. First use the past tense to tell what happened. Juliet met Romeo at her parents’ party. • Then use the past perfect tense to tell what happened before the party. Juliet met Romeo at her parents’ party, but their families had known each other for years. • Sometimes a past action may still be going on. That’s when you use the present perfect tense . The Capulets and Montagues have hated each other for years. Romeo, however, has loved Juliet since they first spoke. Try It A.Tell about Romeo’s background. Say each sentence with the correct form of the verb. 1. Ever since he met Juliet, Romeo (has wanted / had wanted) to tell her of his love. © Hampton-Brown 2. He (saw / has seen) her for the first time at a dance. 3. Before that dance, he (considered / had considered) every Capulet his enemy. 4. Although he knew about Juliet’s family, Romeo believed that he (has found / had found) the love of his life. B.Now write three sentences about Juliet. Use verbs in the past, present perfect, and past perfect tenses. LEVEL C 97 Grammar Future perfect tense When Do You Use the Future Perfect Tense? 98 When You Want to Relate a Future Action to a Future Time • Sometimes an action that hasn’t yet happened depends on another future event. That’s when you use the future perfect tense . Soon the play will end. By then, many events will have occurred . Before the play ends, some people in the audience will have cried . Earlier Now Later Even Later Past Future Future Perfect Tense Juliet will have declared her love for Romeo. the end of the play • To form the future perfect tense, use will have plus the past participle of the main verb. Before the lovers meet again, Romeo will have persuaded Friar Laurence to help them. By that evening, the priest will have married Romeo and Juliet. Try It A.Say each sentence. Use the future perfect tense of the verb in parentheses. 1. By the next night, Romeo’s friend © Hampton-Brown 2. Romeo 3. He . (die) revenge by killing Juliet’s cousin. (take) away—without Juliet. (go) 4. By the end, the audience the lovers die. (see) B.How else could the story have ended? Write three sentences. Use the future perfect tense in each. LEVEL C Grammar past perfect and future perfect tenses How Are the Past Perfect and Future Perfect Tenses Alike? They Both Show How One Action Happens Before Another. • Use the past perfect tense to help your readers know that an action happened even earlier than another past action. Before Millay and Baca wrote poems about love, William Shakespeare had created plays about it. • Use the future perfect tense to help your readers know that an action will happen before some other time in the future. Years from now, do you think writers will have stopped creating literature about love? Try It A.Talk about love. Say each sentence. Use the past perfect or the future perfect tense of the verb in parentheses. 1. Before my parents met, they thought to love. (give) 2. Neither one of them then they fell in love. (plan) on marriage, but 3. By the time I am their age, I to really think about love. (have) © Hampton-Brown little 4. By then, I hope I to marry. (discover) the chance someone that I want B.Write three sentences to tell your thoughts about love. Use verbs in the past perfect and future perfect tenses. LEVEL C 99 Grammar review: verbs in the perfect tenses Write with the Perfect Tenses 100 Remember: Use the present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect tenses to show how actions are related in time. Study the chart. Tense When Do You Use It? Examples Present Perfect For actions that began in the past and are still going on My family has known about Ruth for months. For actions that happened at an unknown past time We have written many letters to her. Past Perfect For actions completed before another past action When we met Ruth, we had seen her picture. Future Perfect For actions that will happen before a future time By next week, my family will have adopted Ruth. Try It A.Say each sentence. Use a perfect tense of the verb in parentheses. © Hampton-Brown 1. We are glad that Ruth our family. (join) 2. Before the adoption, Ruth in China. (live) 3. On her next birthday, she here for a month. (be) B.Edit the paragraph. Fix three mistakes. The first is done for you. had My family always has been loyal. Before Ruth came, I have worried about Grandpa’s reaction. But since her arrival, Grandpa shown her much love. Next year, he has made a new fan. LEVEL C © Hampton-Brown Use Appropriate Language Language function use appropriate language How to Use Appropriate Language • Use words that match the audience and the occasion. Example: Hosting a panel discussion: Because of global warming, Mount Kilimanjaro has lost 75% of its ice cap since 1912 . Family dinner: Today I learned that the ice on Africa’s tallest mountain could completely melt in only 15 years! • Use appropriate tone, volume, and stress in your voice. Example: In a formal situation, speak clearly, loudly, and use a level tone. Stress important words. In an informal situation, you can speak with a more emotional tone by stressing words that show how you feel. Try It 1. Role-play introducing the members and topic of a discussion panel. Do one thing inappropriately, such as speaking too softly. Have the group tell what you did inappropriately. 2. Now choose an informal situation to role-play. LEVEL C A U Grammar PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES Can a Verb Act Like an Adjective? Yes, When It is a Participle • Verbs have four principal parts. For example: Present Present Participle Past Past Participle sing singing sang sung satisfy satisfying satisfied satisfied • Sometimes a participle is part of a verb phrase. Sometimes, however, it acts as an adjective to describe a noun or pronoun. The birds are singing . The singing birds move me. Singing , they fly. They have satisfied my heart. My satisfied heart feels strong. Satisfied , I greet a new day. Try It A. Combine sentences. Move the underlined participles to tell about a noun or a pronoun in the other sentence. Say the new sentence. 1. We admired the forest around us. We were smiling. © Hampton-Brown 2. Our path took us to a shady pond. We had chosen that path. 3. I took one photograph after another. I was amazed. 4. We saw two frogs on a log. The frogs were croaking. The log had fallen. B. Tell a partner about a nature scene. Then write your four best sentences. Use participles as adjectives. LEVEL C 000 101 What Are Participial Phrases? Grammar using PARTICIPIAL PHRASES Phrases That Start with a Participle • Aphrase is a group of related words that does not have a subject and a predicate. A participial phrase begins with a present participle or past participle . It describes a noun or pronoun. I watch rain falling softly to the ground. participial phrase Moved by the scene, I take a deep breath. participial phrase • Sometimesyou can combine sentences by using a participial phrase. Place the participial phrase near the word that it describes. If the phrase begins a sentence, follow it with a comma (,). I see the swallows. They circle in the sky. I see the swallows circling in the sky. I am alone here. I have been isolated by a war. Isolated by a war, I am alone here. Try It A. Use a participial phrase to combine sentences. Say the new sentences. © Hampton-Brown 1. Teasdale imagines a world. It has been abandoned by humans. 2. Robins in that world will whistle. They will sit on a fence. 3. Humans will be forgotten. They will be missing from this world. B. Now write three sentences based on “There Will Come Soft Rains.” Use a participial phrase in each sentence. LEVEL C 102 What Is a “Dangling Participle”? Grammar placement of participial phrases It’s a Participle That Describes the Wrong Word. • Always place a participial phrase by the word it describes. Sometimes you can just move the phrase to fix the problem. Not OK: Teasdale sees quiet beauty, picturing the future. OK: Picturing the future, Teasdale sees quiet beauty. • Sometimes you need to rephrase the sentence and include a word for the participle to describe. Not OK: R eading Frost’s poem, both fire and ice come to mind. OK: R eading Frost’s poem, I imagine both fire and ice. Try It A. Fix each dangling participle. Say the new sentence. 1. These poets imagine different scenes writing about the future. 2. Noting the absence of people, a world of natural beauty is presented by Teasdale. © Hampton-Brown 3. Frost says that ice also could end everything favoring fire. 4. The future looks better to me, being an optimist. B. Talk with a partner about other possible futures. Then write three sentences. Use a participial phrase in each sentence. LEVEL C 103 Can Absolutes Help Your Writing? Grammar absolutes Absolutely! • Anabsolute is almost a complete sentence, but is missing a form of the word be. It has a subject and a participle. An absolute relates to the entire sentence after it. The sun warming his face, the poet greets the new day. absolute Thoughts of yesterday fading, he gets out of bed. absolute • Sometimes you can use an absolute to combine sentences and make your writing more interesting. How were these sentences combined and changed to form the sentences above? The poet greets the new day. The sun is warming his face. He gets out of bed. Thoughts of yesterday are fading. Try It A. Use an absolute to combine each pair of sentences. Say each new sentence. 1. Nervo writes about purity. His words ring joyfully. © Hampton-Brown 2. The poet says, “I am born today!” His heart is filled with hope. 3. Nervo urges us to treasure life’s experiences. Love is guiding his thoughts. B. What do you say or do at the start of a new day? Write two sentences. Use an absolute in each sentence. LEVEL C 104 Enrich Your Sentences Grammar review: ENRICHING YOUR SENTENCES Remember: A participle is a verb form that can act as an adjective. A participial phrase begins with a participle. Participles and participial phrases describe nouns and pronouns. • A participle ends in -ing or -ed, or it has a special form. It can stand alone, or it can come at the start of a participial phrase. Caring neighbors have made this a better neighborhood. Showing love for the Earth, they have planted gardens. They often have heated conversations about those gardens. Seen by many visitors, the gardens make us proud. • You can use participial phrases to combine or expand sentences. Described in a TV report, our work is becoming famous. Try It A.Use a participial phrase to combine each pair of sentences. Say the new sentences. 1. My neighbors have improved this area. They work as a team. © Hampton-Brown 2. Our neighborhood is a beautiful place. It is admired for its gardens. 3. People ask for our advice. They are impressed by our progress. B.Expand the sentences in the paragraph. Add details in a participial phrase to five sentences. The first is done for you. Living near the ocean, I always have enjoyed the salt air. I have spent many hours here. I stroll across the sand. The seashore is a lovely place. I hope to live here forever! LEVEL C 105