Download Unit 1

Language function Justify
© Hampton-Brown
Justify
How to Justify
• State an opinion, idea, or problem.
Example: My house has been destroyed. I need to save the
important things.
• Tell what decision is made.
Example: I will take my photographs.
• Explain beliefs or values that justify the decision.
Example: Photographs are part of my family history.
They cannot be replaced.
Try It
1. Tell a partner one thing you would rescue if your home were
damaged or threatened.
2. Tell your partner how you decided what to save. Use your
values and beliefs to justify your decision.
LEVEL C
000
S
Grammar present, past, and future tense
Why Do Verbs Have
So Many Forms?
Because They Change to Show When An Action Happens
The tense of a verb shows when an action happens.
Earlier
Now
Later
Past
Future
Past Tense
talked
Present Tense
talk
talks
Future Tense
will talk
• Present tense verbs tell about actions that happen now or
on a regular basis.
Okorie and I talk in his home. I visit him there often.
• Past tense verbs tell about an action that already happened.
Add -ed to show the past, or use the correct form of an irregular verb.
He talked to me yesterday. We were honest with each other.
Present Tense
am, is
are
have, has
go, goes
see, sees
Past Tense
was
were
had
went
saw
• Future tense verbs tell about actions that haven’t happened yet.
He will ask me for advice soon. I will talk to his grandsons, too.
© Hampton-Brown
Try It
A.Talk about the play. Change the underlinedverb to the past tense.
1. Okorie rests on the edge of his bed. He complains to me.
2. After our conversation, I go away for a time.
3. Can you guess where his grandsons will be at that moment?
B.Talk with a partner about Okorie. Write four sentences about
what might happen next. Use the future tense.
LEVEL C
000
91
What If An Action Happened
But You’re Not Sure When?
Grammar present Perfect: regular verbs
Use the Present Perfect Tense to Tell About It.
• If you know when an action happened in the past,
use a past tense verb.
Last night, Okorie revealed a secret to Bassi.
• If you’re not sure when a past action happened, use
a verb in the present perfect tense .
He has revealed other secrets to her before.
• To form the present perfect, use the helping verb
have or has plus the past participle of the main verb.
For regular verbs, the past participle ends in - ed.
Verb
Past Tense
Past Participle
hope
hoped
hoped
hug
hugged
hugged
try
tried
tried
Try It
A.Say the sentence with the correct tense of the verb.
© Hampton-Brown
1. Okorie often (talked / has talked) about hidden jewels.
2. This time, he (reported / has reported) where they were hidden.
3. Ojima and Arob (listened / have listened) to the conversation.
4. They (searched / have searched) for the jewels before.
B.Now write four sentences about a surprise. Use verbs in the past
tense and in the present perfect tense.
LEVEL C
92
What If a Past Action
Is Still Going On?
Grammar present perfect: regular verbs
Then Use the Present Perfect Tense.
• Use the present perfect tense to show that an action began
in the past and may still be happening.
My class has watched this conflict. (And they are probably still
watching it.)
The boys have annoyed us. (And they are probably still annoying us.)
Earlier
Now
Later
Past
Future
Present Perfect Tense
has watched
have annoyed
• A verb in the present perfect tense uses the helping verb
have or has plus the past participle of the main verb. For regular
verbs, the past participle ends in - ed.
Try It
A.Tell about the characters in the play. Use have or has plus the
correct form of the main verb in parentheses.
1. For a long time, the grandsons
Okorie a burden. (consider)
© Hampton-Brown
2. They
at the old man for years. (laugh)
3. Their behavior
4. He
Okorie many times. (anger)
to play a trick on them. (decide)
B.Talk with a partner about this family. Write three sentences. Use
have or has plus a main verb that ends in - ed.
LEVEL C
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Grammar present perfect: irregular verbs
Do All Past Participles
End in -ed?
No, Irregular Verbs Have Special Forms.
• Past participles of irregular verbs have a completely new spelling.
Verb
Forms
of Be
Past Tense
Past Participle
am, is
was
been
are
were
been
give
gave
given
go
went
gone
see
saw
seen
• Use has or have plus the past participle to form the
present perfect tense.
Okorie has been happy lately.
His grandsons have given him some respect.
Try It
A. Say each sentence. Use the present perfect of the verb in parentheses.
© Hampton-Brown
1. Okorie
to his grave now. (go)
2. The stranger, however,
will. (see)
the old man’s
3. Okorie’s grandsons
mean to him. (be)
4. Therefore, he
the boys nothing. (give)
B.Write three sentences about respect within a family. Use the
present perfect tense in each sentence.
LEVEL C
94
Grammar review: present perfect tense
Verbs in the
Present Perfect Tense
95
Remember: Use have or has plus the past participle of a verb
to form the present perfect tense.
• The past participle of a regular verb ends in - ed.
I have respected Uncle Pete for years. (respect + -ed)
Uncle Pete has cared for people in need. (care [− e] + -ed)
• The past participle of an irregular verb has a completely new spelling.
Verb
Past Participle
Verb
Past Participle
be
come
get
been
come
got or gotten
hold
show
take
held
shown
taken
Try It
A.Say each sentence. Use the present perfect of the verb in parentheses.
1. For years, my uncle
2. My sister
kindness to strangers. (show)
him feed homeless people. (see)
© Hampton-Brown
3. Charity events
a special focus of his. (be)
B.Edit the paragraph. Fix five mistakes. The first is done for you.
has
Tia have respected her parents, even though she has not
agree with them. Her parents always been firm about her clothes.
Tia have shown some odd fashion tastes in the past, but she has
always obeyed her parents. Now, their respect for her has grew.
LEVEL C
Language function Negotiate
© Hampton-Brown
Negotiate
How to Negotiate
• State the issue.
Example: I love you but our families are enemies.
• Show you understand both sides.
Example: I realize it is risky for us to be together.
• Use persuasive language.
Example: Your love means more to me than my safety. I promise
to love you forever.
• Clearly state what you want.
Example: Please run away with me.
Try It
1. With a small group, imagine how Juliet would reply to Romeo
as he negotiates to get her to run away with him. List issues
Juliet might have.
2. Think of persuasive language that Romeo would use and
compromises he could offer for each of Juliet’s concerns.
LEVEL C
000
T
How Do You Show Which
Past Action Happened First?
Grammar
past perfect tense
Use the Past Perfect Tense.
• Use the past tense of a verb to tell about an action that
was completed in the past.
Last year, Amelia portrayed Juliet in Shakespeare’s famous play.
• If you want to show that one past action happened before another,
use the past perfect tense for the action that happened first.
She had studied the play before she took the role.
Even Earlier
Earlier
Now
Later
Past
Future
Past Perfect Tense
She had studied
the play.
Past Tense
She took
the role.
• To form the past perfect tense, use had plus the past participle
of the main verb.
I learned that Shakespeare had based his play on an old
Italian story.
Try It
© Hampton-Brown
A.Say each sentence. Use the past perfect tense of the verb in parentheses.
1. When I read the play, I thought that Shakespeare
the story himself. (invent)
2. Until I talked to Amelia, I
Shakespeare’s sources. (know)
nothing about
3. Before he wrote the play, Shakespeare probably
the Italian version of the story. (see)
B.Why is “Romeo and Juliet” so famous? Talk with a partner. Write
two sentences using the past perfect tense.
LEVEL C
000
96
How Do You Know
Which Tense to Use?
Grammar past, present
perfect, and past perfect
Think About When the Action Happened.
• When you tell about the past, you may need to relate actions
in time. First use the past tense to tell what happened.
Juliet met Romeo at her parents’ party.
• Then use the past perfect tense to tell what happened
before the party.
Juliet met Romeo at her parents’ party, but their families
had known each other for years.
• Sometimes a past action may still be going on. That’s when
you use the present perfect tense .
The Capulets and Montagues have hated each other
for years.
Romeo, however, has loved Juliet since they first spoke.
Try It
A.Tell about Romeo’s background. Say each sentence with the
correct form of the verb.
1. Ever since he met Juliet, Romeo (has wanted / had wanted)
to tell her of his love.
© Hampton-Brown
2. He (saw / has seen) her for the first time at a dance.
3. Before that dance, he (considered / had considered) every
Capulet his enemy.
4. Although he knew about Juliet’s family, Romeo believed that
he (has found / had found) the love of his life.
B.Now write three sentences about Juliet. Use verbs in the past,
present perfect, and past perfect tenses.
LEVEL C
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Grammar Future
perfect tense
When Do You Use
the Future Perfect Tense?
98
When You Want to Relate a Future Action to a Future Time
• Sometimes an action that hasn’t yet happened depends on another
future event. That’s when you use the future perfect tense .
Soon the play will end. By then, many events will have occurred .
Before the play ends, some people in the audience will have cried .
Earlier
Now
Later
Even Later
Past
Future
Future Perfect Tense
Juliet will have declared
her love for Romeo.
the end of
the play
• To form the future perfect tense, use will have plus the
past participle of the main verb.
Before the lovers meet again, Romeo will have persuaded
Friar Laurence to help them.
By that evening, the priest will have married Romeo and Juliet.
Try It
A.Say each sentence. Use the future perfect tense of the verb in parentheses.
1. By the next night, Romeo’s friend
© Hampton-Brown
2. Romeo
3. He
. (die)
revenge by killing Juliet’s cousin. (take)
away—without Juliet. (go)
4. By the end, the audience
the lovers die. (see)
B.How else could the story have ended? Write three sentences. Use
the future perfect tense in each.
LEVEL C
Grammar past perfect
and future perfect tenses
How Are the Past Perfect
and Future Perfect Tenses Alike?
They Both Show How One Action Happens Before Another.
• Use the past perfect tense to help your readers know that an
action happened even earlier than another past action.
Before Millay and Baca wrote poems about love, William
Shakespeare had created plays about it.
• Use the future perfect tense to help your readers know that
an action will happen before some other time in the future.
Years from now, do you think writers will have stopped
creating literature about love?
Try It
A.Talk about love. Say each sentence. Use the past perfect or the
future perfect tense of the verb in parentheses.
1. Before my parents met, they
thought to love. (give)
2. Neither one of them
then they fell in love. (plan)
on marriage, but
3. By the time I am their age, I
to really think about love. (have)
© Hampton-Brown
little
4. By then, I hope I
to marry. (discover)
the chance
someone that I want
B.Write three sentences to tell your thoughts about love. Use verbs
in the past perfect and future perfect tenses.
LEVEL C
99
Grammar review: verbs
in the perfect tenses
Write with the
Perfect Tenses
100
Remember: Use the present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect
tenses to show how actions are related in time. Study the chart.
Tense
When Do You Use It?
Examples
Present
Perfect
For actions that began in the
past and are still going on
My family has known
about Ruth for months.
For actions that happened
at an unknown past time
We have written many
letters to her.
Past
Perfect
For actions completed
before another past action
When we met Ruth, we
had seen her picture.
Future
Perfect
For actions that will happen
before a future time
By next week, my family
will have adopted Ruth.
Try It
A.Say each sentence. Use a perfect tense of the verb in parentheses.
© Hampton-Brown
1. We are glad that Ruth
our family. (join)
2. Before the adoption, Ruth
in China. (live)
3. On her next birthday, she
here for a month. (be)
B.Edit the paragraph. Fix three mistakes. The first is done for you.
had
My family always has been loyal. Before Ruth came, I have
worried about Grandpa’s reaction. But since her arrival, Grandpa
shown her much love. Next year, he has made a new fan.
LEVEL C
© Hampton-Brown
Use Appropriate Language
Language function use
appropriate language
How to Use Appropriate Language
• Use words that match the audience and the occasion.
Example: Hosting a panel discussion: Because of global warming,
Mount Kilimanjaro has lost 75% of its ice cap since 1912 .
Family dinner: Today I learned that the ice on
Africa’s tallest mountain could completely melt in only 15 years!
• Use appropriate tone, volume, and stress in your voice.
Example: In a formal situation, speak clearly, loudly, and use a
level tone. Stress important words.
In an informal situation, you can speak with a more
emotional tone by stressing words that show how you feel.
Try It
1. Role-play introducing the members and topic of a discussion
panel. Do one thing inappropriately, such as speaking too
softly. Have the group tell what you did inappropriately.
2. Now choose an informal situation to role-play.
LEVEL C
A
U
Grammar PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES
Can a Verb Act Like
an Adjective?
Yes, When It is a Participle
• Verbs have four principal parts. For example:
Present
Present Participle
Past
Past Participle
sing
singing
sang
sung
satisfy
satisfying
satisfied
satisfied
• Sometimes a participle is part of a verb phrase. Sometimes,
however, it acts as an adjective to describe a noun or pronoun.
The birds are singing . The singing birds move me.
Singing , they fly. They have satisfied my heart.
My satisfied heart feels strong. Satisfied , I greet a new day.
Try It
A. Combine sentences. Move the underlined participles to tell about a
noun or a pronoun in the other sentence. Say the new sentence.
1. We admired the forest around us. We were smiling.
© Hampton-Brown
2. Our path took us to a shady pond. We had chosen that path.
3. I took one photograph after another. I was amazed.
4. We saw two frogs on a log. The frogs were croaking. The log
had fallen.
B. Tell a partner about a nature scene. Then write your four best
sentences. Use participles as adjectives.
LEVEL C
000
101
What Are Participial
Phrases?
Grammar using PARTICIPIAL PHRASES
Phrases That Start with a Participle
• Aphrase is a group of related words that does not have a subject
and a predicate. A participial phrase begins with a present participle or past participle . It describes a noun or pronoun.
I watch rain falling softly to the ground.
participial phrase
Moved by the scene, I take a deep breath.
participial phrase
• Sometimesyou can combine sentences by using a participial
phrase. Place the participial phrase near the word that it describes.
If the phrase begins a sentence, follow it with a comma (,).
I see the swallows. They circle in the sky.
I see the swallows circling in the sky.
I am alone here. I have been isolated by a war.
Isolated by a war, I am alone here.
Try It
A. Use a participial phrase to combine sentences. Say the new sentences.
© Hampton-Brown
1. Teasdale imagines a world. It has been abandoned by humans.
2. Robins in that world will whistle. They will sit on a fence.
3. Humans will be forgotten. They will be missing from this world.
B. Now write three sentences based on “There Will Come Soft
Rains.” Use a participial phrase in each sentence.
LEVEL C
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What Is a “Dangling
Participle”?
Grammar placement of participial phrases
It’s a Participle That Describes the Wrong Word.
• Always place a participial phrase by the word it describes.
Sometimes you can just move the phrase to fix the problem.
Not OK: Teasdale sees quiet beauty, picturing the future.
OK: Picturing the future, Teasdale sees quiet beauty.
• Sometimes you need to rephrase the sentence and include a word for the participle to describe.
Not OK: R
eading Frost’s poem, both fire and ice come to mind.
OK: R
eading Frost’s poem, I imagine both fire and ice.
Try It
A. Fix each dangling participle. Say the new sentence.
1. These poets imagine different scenes writing about the future.
2. Noting the absence of people, a world of natural beauty is
presented by Teasdale.
© Hampton-Brown
3. Frost says that ice also could end everything favoring fire.
4. The future looks better to me, being an optimist.
B. Talk with a partner about other possible futures. Then write
three sentences. Use a participial phrase in each sentence.
LEVEL C
103
Can Absolutes Help
Your Writing?
Grammar absolutes
Absolutely!
• Anabsolute is almost a complete sentence, but is missing a
form of the word be. It has a subject and a participle. An absolute
relates to the entire sentence after it.
The sun warming his face, the poet greets the new day.
absolute
Thoughts of yesterday fading, he gets out of bed.
absolute
• Sometimes you can use an absolute to combine sentences and
make your writing more interesting. How were these sentences
combined and changed to form the sentences above?
The poet greets the new day. The sun is warming his face.
He gets out of bed. Thoughts of yesterday are fading.
Try It
A. Use an absolute to combine each pair of sentences. Say each
new sentence.
1. Nervo writes about purity. His words ring joyfully.
© Hampton-Brown
2. The poet says, “I am born today!” His heart is filled with hope.
3. Nervo urges us to treasure life’s experiences. Love is guiding
his thoughts.
B. What do you say or do at the start of a new day? Write two
sentences. Use an absolute in each sentence.
LEVEL C
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Enrich Your Sentences
Grammar review: ENRICHING YOUR SENTENCES
Remember: A participle is a verb form that can act as an adjective. A participial phrase begins with a participle. Participles and participial
phrases describe nouns and pronouns.
• A participle ends in -ing or -ed, or it has a special form. It can stand alone, or it can come at the start of a participial phrase.
Caring neighbors have made this a better neighborhood.
Showing love for the Earth, they have planted gardens.
They often have heated conversations about those gardens.
Seen by many visitors, the gardens make us proud.
• You can use participial phrases to combine or expand sentences.
Described in a TV report, our work is becoming famous.
Try It
A.Use a participial phrase to combine each pair of sentences. Say
the new sentences.
1. My neighbors have improved this area. They work as a team.
© Hampton-Brown
2. Our neighborhood is a beautiful place. It is admired for its gardens.
3. People ask for our advice. They are impressed by our progress.
B.Expand the sentences in the paragraph. Add details in a
participial phrase to five sentences. The first is done for you.
Living near the ocean,
I always have enjoyed the salt air. I have spent many hours
here. I stroll across the sand. The seashore is a lovely place.
I hope to live here forever!
LEVEL C
105