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Transcript
B1 – You and your genes Go to the BBC Bitesize website from the school homepage. Click on ‘science’, then scroll down to ‘Core Science’ and click on ‘OCR 21st Century Science’. Then under the ‘biology’ heading click on ‘You and Your genes. Alternatively, click on this link (http://tinyurl.com/77n2tj5) to take you to the correct web page. By clicking through the revision pages on this website you will find the answers to the questions below. Foundation students only need to do the questions in normal font. Higher tier students should do all of the questions including those in bold font. Genes 1. 2. 3. 4. What does the nucleus in a cell do? ______________________________________________ Where are the chromosomes located in a cell? _____________________________________ What do genes make? ____________________________ Give two functions of proteins: a. ______________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________ 5. Name a characteristic caused by a number of genes working together. __________________ 6. Other than genes, what other factor can cause variation? ____________________________ 7. Why are identical twins a useful example of how environment affects a person’s characteristics? ______________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ You should now test your understanding of this section by completing the Test Bite by clicking on the link at the bottom of page 2 of the genes section. Score = ______________ Inheritance 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. What do we call an egg cell after it has been fertilised? _____________________ How many chromosomes are there in an unfertilised egg? _____________ How many chromosomes are there in a zygote? _______________ What are different versions of the same gene called? ________________ What does homozygous mean? _________________________________________________ What does heterozygous mane? _________________________________________________ Why do different children in the same family have different features? __________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ What is different about the chromosomes a woman has compared to a man? ____________ ___________________________________________________________________________ What sex chromosomes can an egg cell carry? _____________________ What sex chromosomes can a sperm cell carry? _____________________ Not all families have an equal number of boys and girls in them. Why is this? 19. Suggest two reasons why people may want to choose the sex of their children. a. _____________________________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________________________ 20. Why do people have different opinions on whether couples should be allowed to choose the sex of their children? ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 21. How does the Y chromosome make the embryo develop into a male? Outline the three steps involved. i. _____________________________________________________ ii. _____________________________________________________ iii. _____________________________________________________ Now test your understanding of this section by completing the Test Bite by clicking on the link at the bottom of page 2 of the inheritance section. Score = ______________ Testing and treating genetic diseases 22. What is a ‘recessive allele’? _____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 23. If you are homozygous recessive for a gene, what type of alleles do you carry? ___________________________________________________________________________ 24. What is the difference between an organism’s genotype and its phenotype? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 25. What type of allele causes cystic fibrosis? ______________________ 26. What is the physical result of having cystic fibrosis? _________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 27. What does it mean to be a ‘carrier’ of cystic fibrosis? ________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 28. Look at the genetic diagram on the web page. If two carriers of cystic fibrosis have a baby, what is the chance that: a. It has cystic fibrosis? _________________ b. It does not have cystic fibrosis? _________________ c. It is a carrier of cystic fibrosis? _________________ 29. In terms of genetics, how is Huntington’s disorder different to cystic fibrosis? ____________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 30. What does a Punnett square show? ______________________________________________ 31. What does a genetic test analyse? ______________________________________________ 32. When is an antenatal test carried out? ____________________________________________ 33. Who is offered an antenatal test? _______________________________________________ 34. When are neonatal tests carried out? ____________________________________________ 35. Name a condition that can be tested for in a neonatal test. ___________________________ 36. Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis allows an embryo to be tested before it begins growing in the uterus. Give the steps involved in pre-implantation genetic diagnosis: a. _____________________________________________ b. These eggs are collected by the doctor. c. _____________________________________________ d. _____________________________________________ e. _____________________________________________ f. _____________________________________________ 37. What is the benefit of using PGD? _______________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 38. Why might people want to know if they have the allele for Huntington’s disorder? ___________________________________________________________________________ 39. What is the difference between a false positive and a false negative? ___________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 40. What is the difference between a scientific questions and an ethical question? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 41. Why might insurance companies want to know your genotype? ______________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 42. A common argument made during an ethical debate is that the right decision is the one that leads to the best outcome for ______________________________________________. 43. Why do ethical opinions change over time? _______________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ Now go back to page six of this section and try the Test Bite which is linked at the bottom of that page. Score = ______________ Cloning Stem Cells 44. What are clones? _____________________________________________________________ 45. What is asexual reproduction? __________________________________________________ 46. Give an example of asexual reproduction in plants. __________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 47. How are identical twins formed? ________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 48. What is the difference between adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells? Complete the table below to show the differences. Adult stem cell Embryonic stem cell Where is it found? What type of cells can it develop into? 49. What is a specialised cell? ______________________________________________________ 50. What is unique about a stem cell? _______________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 51. Put the statements about therapeutic cloning below into the correct order. a. b. c. d. e. f. Stem cells taken from the embryo. Stem cells treated to develop into required cell types. Egg cell stimulated to develop into an embryo. Nucleus taken out of a human egg cell. Nucleus from a patient's cell put into the egg cell. Stem cells grown in a container of warm nutrients. _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ 52. What are the four steps for weighing up an argument? i. _______________________________________________ ii. _______________________________________________ iii. _______________________________________________ iv. _______________________________________________ Foundation tier students should click on the Test Bite link at the bottom of the web page. Score = ______________ Higher tier students should carry on and complete question 53. 53. Dolly the sheep was cloned using adult stem cells. Label and complete the diagram below to show how this was done: Higher tier students now try the Test Bite which is linked at the bottom of the web page. Score = ______________