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Comparing North and South Civil War divides many American families. After attack on Ft. Sumter, 11 states make up the Confederacy. › Richmond, Va. is chosen as Confed. capital. › Only 100 miles from Union capital, Washington, D.C.! Border States 4 Union states allow slavery: › Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland & Delaware These border states are divided on which way to go. › Missouri, Kentucky, & Maryland very close to seceding. › Each state has strategic location. › If Maryland secedes, Washington, D.C. will be surrounded by South. Border States April 1861: mob in Baltimore, MD attacks Northern troops. › Confederate sympathizers burn railroads & cut telegraph lines to capital. › Baltimore is cut off from North. › Order is restored, but it’s a reminder of Maryland’s delicate position. Remaining With the Union Lincoln is in difficult position: › Act too boldly against South or slavery, border states will secede. › Don’t act boldly enough, North will lose faith in him. Lincoln suspends some constitutional rights & enacts martial law against those who support secession. › Border states remain, but many citizens join Southern armies. Strengths & Weaknesses Northern advantages: › Larger population: 22 million in the North vs. › › › › › 5.5 million in the South More industry More resources Better banking system/more $$ More ships/railroads: 22,000 miles of track in the North vs. 9,000 miles in the South Lincoln! Strengths & Weaknesses Northern weaknesses: › Difficult to bring Southern states back in. › North has to invade South. Remember: Civil War is not war of splitting apart—North has to go in & fight South to get them back in. › Southern spirit = very strong. Both sides underestimate dedication & intelligence of Lincoln. Strengths & Weaknesses Southern strengths: › Southern military leadership is superior. With its long military tradition and great military schools, the South put many brilliant officers into battle. Jefferson Davis is West Point grad. Southern farms could provide food for soldiers, but much Southern agriculture was inedible or may be eaten by invading Northern soldiers. Strengths & Weaknesses Perhaps the greatest Southern strength was strategic. › The South needed only to defend itself until the North grew tired › Southern soldiers fought on their home soil, while the North had to occupy large areas of enemy territory. Strengths & Weaknesses Southern weaknesses: › Smaller population (fewer soldiers) › Far fewer factories for making weapons, etc. › Much less edible food production › Inferior transportation for deliveries to troops › States’ rights: States don’t give central Confederate govt. enough power to wage war effectively. › Jefferson Davis = weak leader in many Southerners’ eyes. Gen. Scott’s “Anaconda Plan” Northern Strategy North wants to restore South into the Union. › Abolition becomes a main concern in 1863. North’s offensive strategy (Anaconda Plan): › 1. Block Southern ports No imports (supplies) or exports (cotton—$$$) › 2. Control Mississippi River Cut supply lines/divide Confederacy › 3. Take control of Richmond, VA (Confed. capital) Southern Offensive-Defensive Strategy South’s main goal = win independence & preserve way of life. South’s defensive strategy: › 1. Hold territory until North wears out. › 2. Look to France & Britain to pressure North to end the war. Both countries import Southern cotton. South’s offensive strategy: › Attack Northern cities to prove North can’t win. American People at War Civil War pits family members & friends against each other. › Mary Todd Lincoln has relatives in Confederate Army. › Confed. Gen. Robert E. Lee and Union Gens. George McClellan & William Tecumseh Sherman attended West Point together. Who Were the Soldiers? Avg. age = 25, some 15 or younger. ~50% of Northern & >60% of Southern soldiers are farmers. 1861: › 112,000 Southern Rebels vs. 187,000 Northern Yankees. By 1865: › 850,000 Rebels vs. 2.1 million Yankees › 200,000 African-American Union soldiers & 10,000 Hispanic Union soldiers False Hopes Both sides expect & hope for quick victory. › Quotes, pg. 575 Why do you suppose war is not a quick one? [discuss] Lee’s expectations Compare Lee’s quote: › "If it came to a conflict of arms, the war will last at least four years. Northern politicians will not appreciate the determination and pluck of the South, and Southern politicians do not appreciate the numbers, resources and patient perseverance of the North. Both sides forget that we are all Americans. I foresee that our country will pass through a terrible ordeal, a necessary expiation, perhaps, for our national sins.” Robert E. Lee - May 5, 1861 Technology of the Civil War Civil War = “First modern war” › First use of aircraft (balloons) in battle › Troops travel by railroad Technology of the Civil War Civil War = “First modern war” › Messages sent by telegraph Technology of the Civil War Civil War = “First modern war” › First successful submarine, Confederate H.L. Hunley, sinks a ship (though it also sinks) “Spar torpedo” Technology of the Civil War Civil War = “First modern war” › Battles of “ironclad” ships (U.S.S. Monitor vs. C.S.S. Virginia) › Use of “torpedoes” (sea/land mines) Technology of the Civil War Civil War = “First modern war” › Rifled muskets are common › Minié ball (minie ball) bullet Technology of the Civil War Civil War = “First modern war” › Repeating rifles › First machine guns (Gatling guns) First Battle: Bull Run/Manassas When: July 21, 1861 Where: Manassas, Virginia, near Bull Run River. First Bull Run/Manassas First Battle: Bull Run/ Manassas—Leadership Union: Irvin McDowell Confederate: Joseph E. Johnston P.G.T. Beauregard First Battle: Bull Run/Manassas How: › “Spectator sport”/battle of inexperienced soldiers w/ mismatched uniforms. › Union winning at first, but Confederates get reinforcements & let out “Rebel Yell,” causing Yankees to flee. › Gen. Thomas J. Jackson is “like a stone wall” and earns the nickname Stonewall Jackson. A Shock for the North Effects: › North is shocked by loss and learns it will not be a quick, easy victory. › Lincoln issues orders for one million new recruits to serve for 3 yrs. › New general, George B. McClellan, appointed to head Union army of the East (Army of the Potomac) & organize troops. War at Sea Lincoln already has blockade of Southern ports in place. Why? › South has trouble getting goods: Coffee Nails Shoes Salt Guns & ammo Battle of Hampton Roads Confed. forces seize Union shipyard in Norfolk, Va. › South salvages wooden Union ship Merrimack & cover it in thick iron plates. › March 8, 1862: Merrimack, renamed CSS Virginia, destroys wooden Union ships off Virginia coast. Monitor vs. Virginia › March 9: Union sends out ironclad of its own: Monitor › Two ships battle for hours, neither destroying the other. › North is able to keep Virginia from leaving harbor; no longer a threat. Hampton Roads Monitor vs. Virginia This ironclad battle changed the face of war forever, proving that iron was the future, no longer wooden ships. War in the West War in the East becomes a stalemate. In the West, Union seeks to gain Mississippi & Tennessee Rivers. › Split Confederacy & hinder transport efforts. Union commander in Illinois: Ulysses S. Grant. Ft. Henry & Ft. Donelson Ft. Henry & Ft. Donelson Where: Along the Tennessee & Cumberland Rivers, in Tennessee When: Ft. Henry, Feb. 6, 1862 Ft. Donelson, Feb 16, 1862 Ft. Henry / Ft. Donelson Ft. Henry & Ft. Donelson Leadership: › Union: Ulysses S. Grant › Confederate: John B. Floyd, Gideon Pillow & Simon Buckner Ft. Henry & Ft. Donelson How: Grant & ironclad warships capture Fort Henry (Feb. 6, 1862) and then lay siege to Fort Donelson (Feb. 16). › “No terms except an unconditional and immediate surrender can be accepted.” Effect: Lower Tennessee River is secure, and the Union is making progress toward gaining the Mississippi River. › Grant is now a national hero › U.S. Grant becomes “Unconditional Surrender” Grant Shiloh/Pittsburg Landing Grant’s forces march south toward a railroad junction in Corinth, Mississippi while Rebels march north. › They meet near a church called Shiloh (“Place of Peace” in Hebrew). Shiloh/Pittsburg Landing Where: Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee When: April 6-7th, 1862 Shiloh/Pittsburg Landing Shiloh/Pittsburg Landing: Leadership Union: - Ulysses S. Grant - Don Carlos Buell Confederate: - Albert Sidney Johnston - P.G.T. Beauregard Shiloh/Pittsburg Landing How: › Rebels launch attack April 6th & drive Grant’s forces back to Tenn. River. › Yankees recover w/ reinforcements & April 7th defeat Rebels, who withdraw to Corinth. Shiloh/Pittsburg Landing Effects: › Confederate General A.S. Johnston killed by stray bullet. ~20,000 dead/wounded during these 2 days. › Union gain control of Corinth, Mississippi & Nashville, Tennessee and are on the way to controlling Miss. River. Reflections on Shiloh “I never realized the ‘pomp and circumstance’ of the thing called glorious war until I saw this. Men…lying in every conceivable position; the dead…with their eyes wide open, the wounded begging piteously for help…I seemed…in a sort of daze.” —Unnamed Tennessee soldier “[There were] piles of dead soldiers’ mangled bodies…without heads and legs…The scenes on this field would have cured anybody of war.” —General William Tecumseh Sherman New Orleans Falls April 25-May 1, 1862: Union also wins important battle at New Orleans. › Rear Admiral David Farragut’s Union naval forces capture New Orleans, Louisiana & place it under military control. South’s biggest city. › Gives Union control of almost all of Miss. River. › Farragut grew up in Tenn. but remained loyal to North. Peninsula Campaign Meanwhile, stalemate in the East breaks. Gen. McClellan is charged w/ capturing Confed. capital of Richmond, Va. McClellan makes several mistakes during the “Peninsula Campaign.” › 1. Too cautious. › 2. Overestimates Confederate army size. › 3. Takes army to Virginia by ship instead of over land. › 4. Hesitates for weeks despite Lincoln’s urging. Seven Days’ Battles When McClellan finally gets to Richmond, Rebels have had time to prepare defenses. › General Robert E. Lee takes command of Rebel forces. Lincoln had asked Lee to be Union general. › Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson confuses & defeats McClellan’s much larger Union army while Lee wins a moral victory in the “Seven Days’ Battles.” nd 2 Bull Run/Manassas Pres. Lincoln orders new commander, Major General John Pope, into Northern Va. Meanwhile, Confed. Generals “Stonewall” Jackson & Robert E. Lee move forces 50 mi south to attack Union supply base at Manassas. Pope encounters approaching Rebels, beginning 2nd Battle of Bull Run/Manassas. nd 2 Bull Run/Manassas When: August 28-30, 1862 Where: Manassas, Va., near Bull Run Creek How: › McClellan stalls in reinforcing Pope for 3 weeks. › Pope’s forces are crushed & retreat to Centreville. Effects: › Situation is reversed: Rebels are now within 20 mi of Union capital, Washington, D.C.! › McClellan is reinstated as commander. Lee Enters Maryland Encouraged, Pres. Jefferson Davis orders Gen. Lee into Maryland. › Victory might gain aid from France/Britain. › Maryland might join Confederacy. Incredible good luck: › McClellan’s forces find a copy of Gen. Lee’s orders & plans. › Union forces now know what Lee is planning & what his army looks like. But still McClellan hesitates! Antietam/Sharpsburg Where: Lee’s forces gather along Antietam Creek in Sharpsburg, Md. When: Sept. 17, 1862 Antietam/Sharpsburg Antietam/Sharpsburg: Confederate: Robert Leadership E. Lee Union: George B. McClellan Antietam/Sharpsburg How: McClellan has far superior numbers and Lee’s forces run out of ammo. › Lee’s forces retreat to Virginia, but McClellan makes excuses instead of pursuing. Antietam/Sharpsburg Antietam/Sharpsburg Effects: › The North is able to stop Lee invading Maryland, but “America’s bloodiest day” costs 23,000 casualties. Ambrose Burnside Lincoln removes McClellan & replaces him with Gen. Ambrose Burnside. Ambrose Burnside is Mr. Snow’s favorite person in the world. › Here’s why › “Burnside” is where we get the word “sideburns.” Why Was Antietam Vital? Antietam: crucial Union victory. › British were ready to intervene as mediator if Lee had won and may have been ready to recognize the Confederacy as an independent country if the North rejected mediation. South loses its best chance for international support. › Army of the Potomac finally gains confidence. › President Lincoln uses the victory to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. Emancipation But Lincoln was reluctant to end slavery. › Abolitionists weren’t in charge in North or Republican Party. › Lincoln’s original goal: preserve the Union. › Quote: pg. 593. › Personal wish: “All men everywhere could be free.” Early on, Northerners realize ending slavery will hurt South. › Slaves: workers/farmers that support South. 1861-1862: Laws free many slaves owned by Rebel soldiers. Changing Attitudes Lincoln becomes aware of shift in opinion. › Ending slavery will hurt South. › Britain/France less likely to help South. › Slaves allow Southern workers to be away & fight. Lincoln realizes that he, not anti-slavery Republicans, must end slavery. › Emancipation Proclamation is created by summer 1862, but he waits for right time. Antietam and the Proclamation After Union forces push back Rebels at Antietam, Lincoln reads the Emancipation Proclamation, Jan 1st, 1863. It applies only to areas of the South “still in rebellion.” › Still, it encourages slaves to run away to the North. › Many join Union. Northern African-Americans cheer Lincoln at White House. 450,000 slaves in border states not affected. Tennessee & New Orleans, Louisiana mostly in Union control by 1863. 48 counties of Virginia in the process of forming West Virginia. Small parts of Virginia in Union control. Effects of the Proclamation Britain & France also dislike slavery. › Once emancipation is declared, they decide not to support Confederacy. 1864: Republicans in Congress draft 13th Amendment, ending slavery. › Ratified in 1865 by loyal Union states. African-Americans in the War At war’s beginning, 1/3 of South’s population is slaves (~3.5 - 4 million). › Some serve in army, but few as soldiers—slave rebellion scares Southerners. By war’s end, 1/6 of slaves have escaped to North. By 1865, Confederate army is desperate & enlists slaves to fight for their freedom. › War ends before this happens. African-American Soldiers In the North, African-Americans originally not allowed to fight in army. › Navy enlists them, since navy is not technically on Confed. soil. › Helpful as guides & spies. › Harriet Tubman & others spy on Confederates. 1862: Law allows African-Americans in army. › 200,000 serve by war’s end (10% of army; 15% of navy). › Separate regiments with lower pay. Protests lead to equal pay in 1864. Ft. Wagner 54th Massachusetts: one of the most famous black regiments. › Led by white commander, Robert Gould Shaw. › July 18th, 1863: 54th Massachusetts attacks Ft. Wagner in Charleston, S.C. & loses nearly half. › Shaw is killed and “buried with his niggers.” › 54th wins respect for black troops. White Southerners hated that Union used former slaves, but Southern slaves rejoiced. Ft. Wagner* *It’s right by Ft. Sumter. I didn’t make a mistake, so SHUT IT! Ft. Wagner The Reality of War Camp life is boring; war is gruesome. › Many rush to sign up at first, but not for long. New rifles fire more accurately (more deaths). Medical facilities overwhelmed. › Most soldiers die of disease & infection/wounds. ~9% of Union/~12.5% of Confed. soldiers abandon war. Southern troops suffer starvation/lack of supplies. › One reason Gen. Lee invades Maryland in 1862 is to live off Northern crops. Women and the War Women take new positions during war. › Teachers, office workers, farm managers Many lose husbands, sons, fathers & brothers. Women help war effort, too. › Roll bandages, weave blankets & make ammo. › Collect food, medicine & clothing for troops. › Raise $$ for supplies. Life at Home War is mainly in South, so everyday Northern life is relatively undisrupted. › Many Northern women receive letters. Southern life totally disrupted. › Battles kill crops, cut off supplies, & destroy Southern property. › South suffers crippling shortages: Meat & salt Animals Clothing & medicine Shelter Women as Spies Harriet Tubman spies for Union. Rose O’Neal Greenhow entertains Union troops in D.C. & passes info to South. › Caught & exiled to South. Belle Boyd informs Rebels of Union movements in Shenandoah Valley. Loretta Janeta Velásquez dresses as man & fights for South at First Battle of Bull Run. Treating the Sick & Wounded At first, women considered unfit to be nurses. › “Men’s work” › Women too delicate › Improper to tend to unknown men Many women do so anyway: › Dorothea Dix becomes organizer of woman nurses. › Clara Barton (“Angel of the Battlefield”), Louisa May Alcott, & Mary Todd Lincoln help Union man throughout war. › Sally Tompkins sets up Southern hospitals. Union Prisoners at Andersonville, Ga. “Living skeletons” Conflict With the Copperheads As war begins, Northern Democrats split: › One group supports Lincoln’s wartime decisions. › “Peace Democrats” support negotiating w/ Confederacy. Republicans call “Peace Democrats” Copperheads (poisonous snakes that strike w/out warning). When Union loses battles, support for Copperheads increases. Some Republicans suspect Copperheads of aiding Confederacy. Lincoln’s Reaction to Protests Lincoln orders arrest of anyone interfering w/ war effort (like discouraging men from enlisting). Suspends habeas corpus several times. › Habeas corpus: guarantees accused people right to hearing before being jailed. › Lincoln’s quote, pg. 600. Draft Laws Enlistments decline, so both sides try new techniques. › 1862: Confederacy enacts draft: all men 18-35 must serve 3 yrs. › Union offers bounties: payments to volunteers. › 1863: North also turns to draft: all men 20-45 register; names drawn at random. Many oppose drafts. › North: Angry mobs kill 100 in New York City. › South: Jefferson Davis also suspends habeas corpus. War & the Economy First “modern” war. › But South lacks manufacturing; › › › › factories can’t keep up. Because war is mainly in South, Southern farmland & cities are destroyed; rail lines torn up. North’s blockade of Southern ports leads to shortages. Riots break out in Atlanta. Inflation, increase in prices, is bad in South. The South Takes Control Quote, pg. 605 1862-1865: no glory or glamour—ugly war of attrition & dedication to cause. 1862-1863: Robert E. Lee’s army seems unstoppable. Fredericksburg When: Dec. 11-15, 1862 Where: Fredericksburg, Va. Leadership: Union General Ambrose Burnside/ Confederate General Robert E. Lee How: Union army is bigger but Burnside foolishly attacks a Confederate army that is entrenched, set up in strong positions on hills. › Lee easily wins battle. Effects: › Southern morale is high. › Burnside resigns. Chancellorsville When: April 30-May 6, 1863 Where: Chancellorsville, Va. Leadership: New Union Gen. “Fighting” Joe Hooker/ Confederate Gen. Lee How: Lee risks dividing his much smaller army into parts, but Hooker is too timid & Lee wins his “perfect battle.” Effects: › 2nd bloodiest day of war: May 2, 1863 › Lee seems unstoppable/Jackson is feared in North › But “Stonewall” Jackson is accidentally shot & dies. Gettysburg Lee moves north. › Victory on Northern soil might finally convince Britain/France. When: July 1-3, 1863 Where: Near Gettysburg, Pa. Gettysburg Gettysburg: Leadership Union: General George Meade Confederate: General Robert E. Lee Gettysburg How: › July 1: Lee’s infantry under A.P. Hill is ambushed looking for shoes. › North retreats to Cemetery Ridge & holds out for two days. › July 3: Lee tries one last, desperate attack, led by Gen. George Pickett. 14,000 men charge across ½-mile. “Pickett’s Charge” Barely half return. Gettysburg Effects: › Lee is finally beaten! “It’s all my fault.” › 52,000 casualties (more than any battle) › Lee is repulsed from the North › Gettysburg marks the turning point for the North. The Siege of Vicksburg Meanwhile, Union Gen. Ulysses S. Grant & his troops lay siege to Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton’s forces at Vicksburg, Miss. › Vicksburg surrenders on July 4, 1863. › Once the Union takes Port Hudson, Louisiana, they control the entire Miss. River. › Texas, Louisiana, & Arkansas (main food producers) are cut off from Confederacy. Gettysburg & Vicksburg are the turning points, though war continues for 2 years. Vicksburg Final Phases of the War Nov. 1863: Union wins again at Chattanooga, Tenn. under Grant & Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman. › 1864: Grant is named commander of all Union forces. › Grant & Sherman attack South on all fronts, but lose @ Spotsylvania Court House & are crushed @ Cold Harbor. › Grant begins 9 mo. siege at Petersburg, Virginia. The Election of 1864 North is weary of war. Lincoln’s reelection chances look slim. › Runs vs. George McClellan! › But in Aug. 1864, Adm. David Farragut captures Mobile Bay & gains control of Gulf of Mexico. › Then Gen. Sherman captures Atlanta. Flush with victories, Lincoln gets 55% of vote. Total War After capturing Atlanta, William Tecumseh Sherman devises a bold plan: › “March to the Sea” from Atlanta Savannah, Ga. (Nov. 15-Dec. 21, 1864). › As Union soldiers march, they live off farmlands, tear up railroads & fields, and destroy everything useful to South. Atlanta & Savannah destroyed. Total War This destructive type of war is called “total war.” › 1865: Sherman’s troops march through & destroy South Carolina en route to trap Lee @ Richmond, Va. S. Carolina’s capitol, Columbia, is totally destroyed. Path of Sherman’s “March to the Sea” “Sherman’s Neckties” Animated map [click] Victory for the North! April 2, 1865: Petersburg, the last defense before Richmond, finally falls to Grant’s siege. Caught between Grant & Sherman, the Confederate capital of Richmond falls to Union forces. › Southerners burn city as they flee. April 4, 1865: Lee tries to link up with the rest of the Confederate army, but is cut off. April 9, 1865: Lee surrenders to Grant in Appomattox Court House, VA. The Civil War Ends at Last Grant’s terms of surrender are generous. › Horses retained, food sent to soldiers, soldiers allowed to go home. May 10: Jefferson Davis captured as he flees. The Civil War is finally over… Lincoln Is Assassinated However, before Davis is captured, Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865. › Ford’s Theatre, D.C. @ a play › Booth = Confed. Sympathizer and actor. › “Semper sic tyrannus!” A New President Lincoln’s death stuns North and South. › Lincoln seen as the only person who could “bind up the nation’s wounds.” Lincoln’s V.P., Andrew Johnson, takes over. › Tennessee Senator who stayed loyal to Union when Tenn. seceded. › Disastrous presidency (first pres. impeached). Results of the War Civil War = bloodiest war in American history. › ~1 million total casualties › ~625,000-750,000 dead. Billions of dollars in damage, mostly in South. › Southern economy in collapse. › 2/3 of Southern transportation ruined. Generations of Southern bitterness. Union saved and federal govt. strengthened. Millions of slaves freed. Many questions still remain… = 1,000 deaths Now let’s shrink those numbers down… …and compare. Afghanistan (2003- ) = ~2,200 deaths so far…* * as of 2014 Iraq (2003-2011) = 4,486 deaths Mexican-American War (18461848): 13,283 = 13,283 deaths War of 1812 (1812-1815) = ~20,000 deaths American Revolution (1775-1783) = ~25,000 deaths Korean War (1950-1953): 36,516 = 36,516 deaths Vietnam War (1955-1975) = 58,209 deaths World War I (1917-1918) = 116,516 deaths World War II (1941-1945) = 405,339 deaths Civil War (1861-1865) } debated = 625,000 800,000+ deaths(?) = 2.5% of American population To put that in context… Amer. Rev.: 25,000 War of 1812: 20,000 Mex-Amer.: 13,283 WWI: 116,516 WWII: 405,399 Korea: 36,516 Vietnam: 58,209 Iraq: 4,486 Afghanistan: 2,200 + _____________________ 1775 thru 2013, not including Civil War: 681,609 Civil War (1861-1865): ____________________ 625,000- 800,000+ Vietnam War Civilcasualties War World War II WWI Total U.S. (1775-2013): ~ 1,321,612 All other American combat: Korean War, Revolutionary War, War of 1812, Mexican-American War, Wars on Terror, Indian Wars, etc. Civil War (1861-1865) } debated = Deaths from disease (assuming the larger number of casualties)