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CONTENTS
Introduction
Benefits of Colonic Treatment
Contra-Indications of Colonic Treatment
Role of a Colonic Therapist
The Digestive Tract
Peristalsis
Digestion in the Mouth – Salivary Glands; Teeth; Tongue
Digestion in Stomach; Anatomy of Stomach
4 Layers of Stomach Wall; Digestive Phases; Mechanical Digestion of Stomach
Chemical Digestion of Stomach; The Small Intestine – Structure; Villi
Chemical Digestion in Duodenum, Jejunum and Ileum
The Large Intestine; 4 Layers of Colon
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5-6
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9-10
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ACCESSORY ORGANS OF DIGESTION
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Liver – Functions
Gall Bladder – Gall Stones; Functions; Bile
Pancreas – Functions
Juices and Enzymes of Digestive Tract – Proteases; Lipase; Amylase; Nucleases
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ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY IN RELATION TO COLONICS
18-19
Endocrine; Lymphatic; Muscular; Nervous; Skin
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DISORDERS OF THE LARGE INTESTINE
20-21
Cancers & Benign Tumours
Candida
Coeliac
Colon abnormalities – atonic; collapsed; hypertonic; prolapsed; redundant; spastic
Constipation & Diarrhoea
Chron’s Disease
Diverticulosis / Diverticulitis
Dysbiosis
Flatulence
Haemorrhoids
Hernia
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Leaky Gut Syndrome
Parasitic Infestations
Rectal Fissures
Ulcerative Colitis
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HISTORY OF COLONIC HYDROTHERAPY
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Colonics v Enemas
Colonic Equipment
Disposables
The Room
Personal Appearance
Hygiene
Water temperature and pressure
Treatment duration
Treatment preparation
Comments from clients
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CLIENT REACTIONS AND EXPERIENCES DURING TREATMENT
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Caecum flush
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Erratic breathing
Lack of oxygen; Low Sugar Levels
Weight Loss
How many treatments are recommended?
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AFTERCARE ADVICE
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Supplements
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CAUSES OF DIFFERENT BOWEL MOVEMENTS
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The need for acidic colon
How constipation develops
Laxatives
Chronic diarrhoea
Autointoxication – Putrefaction and Stagnation
The Transit Time
Composition of Faeces
The Bristol Stool Form Scale
Healthy & Unhealthy Faeces
3 Stages of Bowel Movements – Segmentation; Peristalsis; Mass Movements
BOWEL DISORDERS
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Anal Itching
Blood in Stools
Gassy/Smelly Stools
Greasy Stools
Mucus in Stools
Pale or Grey Stools
Rabbit Droppings
Skid Marks
Straining
Undigested Food
White Chalk-Like Stools
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IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF BOWEL ELIMINATIONS
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Advice to clients
Reasons for dehydration
Water reabsorption from bowel
Initial Assessment of Anal Area
Re-insertion and Insertion Difficulties
Benefits of Chi Machine
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COLONIC TREATMENT
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Colonic Treatment; Observations during Treatment
IBS; Lifestyle Changes; Massage Routine; Water temperature
Working with the Whole Person - Holistic Approach
Toilet Break
Release Techniques – Soaking; Burping; Teasing
When to close treatment
Qualifications; Insurance; Records
Supportive Treatments – Body Wraps; iLIPO; Lymph Drainage; Massage; Reflexology
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DIET & NUTRITION
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REQUIREMENTS FOR COLONICS BUSINESS
Fat Burning; Food Intolerances and Allergies
Vitamins; Minerals; EFA’s; Carbs to Glycogen; Cell Renewal
Glossary
Diagram of Digestive System
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INTRODUCTION
Colonic hydrotherapy is both a body and emotional release treatment. It’s a treatment encompassing your
physical, emotional and holistic skills.
Colonic hydrotherapy is a treatment that introduces approximately 100-150 litres of water into the
back passage, which often results in removal of wastes from the large intestine.
There are very few treatments that can treat the internal part of the large intestine so effectively. Colonic
hydrotherapy is about promoting the wellbeing of clients, encouraging clients to improve their own lifestyle
by more exercise; nutritional improvements; advice on supplements; other beneficial complementary
treatments; plus emotional support.
When the colon is out of balance it is necessary to clean out toxins that have accumulated as all health
problems which affect our body originate in the bowel.
Water temperature and pressure are observed throughout the treatment, so that a combination of fills
and releases will encourage the colon with its peristaltic movements. There are usually no adverse
smells or odours during release of the waste materials.
During the fill, the client may experience stomach cramps or discomfort as wastes and water move along
the colon ready for evacuation. Initially, as water is introduced into the colon, the treatment may have
some degree of discomfort, due to the amount of gas or wind that needs to be released before any
faecal matter is evacuated. As more and more gas and faecal matter is released, a longer section of the
bowel will be cleared of the residual waste and more water will be put in without causing discomfort.
Is colonic hydrotherapy a treatment or therapy?
The answer is both. A treatment or procedure is when someone is going through the robotic motions of an
appointment, when the end result is known. Colonic hydrotherapy introduces purified filtered water into the
anus and removes the toxins and wastes.
A therapy considers the holistic approach for the total wellbeing of the client and offers much more support
to the client that just delivering a treatment. The holistic approach looks at much more than one aspect.
BENEFITS OF COLONIC HYDROTHERAPY
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Hydration of the colon
Removal of wastes from the colon
Stress relief by encouraging relaxation, of both mind and bowel
Relief from diarrhoea, spastic colon, headaches, depression
Improving peristaltic action within the bowel
Increased nutrient absorption
Helping liver, blood and kidney cleansing
Support with IBS, bloating, constipation/diarrhoea, flatulence, haemorrhoids
Skin problems such as acne, psoriasis, dermatitis
Increasing the energy levels, stamina, and reducing the need for more sleep
Encouraging weight loss and long-term weight management
Helping with the release of emotional wastes stored in the colon
As a kick-start of healthy living
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CAN EVERYONE HAVE THIS TREATMENT?
Most people can have colonics, but a thorough consultation will establish if there are any contra-indications
or reasons that somebody could not receive one.
If you are unsure whether a client could receive a colonics treatment or not, then a general guideline will be
that if they are fundamentally healthy, able to go to work, enjoy holidays, raise or look after family, then they
will probably be able to receive a treatment. Any client arriving for a colonics treatment would normally be
interested in becoming healthier, improving wellbeing by alleviating any digestive disorders such as
constipation, diarrhoea, bloatedness, IBS, bad skin, bad breath. Therapists can also give nutritional and
lifestyle advice, with appropriate aftercare on the use of supplements.
CONTRAINDICATIONS TO COLONIC HYDROTHERAPY
Warnings or Local Contra-Indications
 Irritable Bowel Syndrome (spastic colon) – caution with temperature of water
 Inflammations, such as diverticulitis; ulcerative colitis; Crohn’s disease – depends on the
severity of the conditions. Anything inflamed, caution needed with hot water temperature
 Haemorrhoids / Fissures / Fistules – caution when inserting speculum (more lubrication)
 Constipation / Diarrhoea – caution
Medical Contra-Indications – needing GP Referral
 Severe cardiac disease – how long ago, how severe?
 High or low blood pressure not controlled by a doctor – only clients on medication for blood
pressure can receive colonics
 Aneurysm (widening of an artery resulting from weakening of the artery wall) – how recent?
 GI haemorrhage or perforation – find out more about the history and how recent
 Ulcerative colitis – find out more about the history and how recent
 Active fistulas and fissures – gauge pain levels from clients and how recent
 Carcinoma of the colon (cancer) – anything cancerous needs GP referral
 Hepatitis/ HIV / Aids – GP referral
Absolute Contra-Indications – no treatment
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Severe or bleeding haemorrhoids – (haemorrhoids not painful or bleeding are okay)
Cirrhosis of the liver – liver is main organ of detoxification, so under duress
Pregnancy – no treatment throughout whole 9 months
Abdominal hernia – too much pressure of water in and out during the treatment
Recent colorectal surgery – GP referral at a later time once healing has taken place
Role of a Colonic Hydrotherapist
1.
Respect of all personal information supplied to you by the client, in order to honour Data
Protection and Confidentiality. Personal information can only be disclosed as a legal
requirement. Health & hygiene should be observed at all times, using surgical spirit and spray
bleach to ensure all surfaces are cleansed after treatments.
2.
Using disposable equipment as this is legally accepted, ie the speculum; water inlet; waste
pipe; medi-pad placed under the client; plastic sheet; couch roll; disposable pants. Sometimes
disposable gowns are used, but it would be preferable to use gowns that have been made for
this purpose, that can be washed after each treatment, then working out cheaper overall.
3.
Appreciation of the holistic approach to the treatment. The colon metaphysically hangs on to
the past. When clients release emotional trauma, they also release waste from the colon. If you
listen and don’t prejudge, if you help people to release their hidden emotions, they will come to
you again and again. A lot of people come to therapists to talk, so allowing time for them to do
so will encourage release from the colon.
4.
Advancing your skills by studying 3 fundamental courses in Nutrition; Anatomy & Physiology
and Emotional Freedom Technique – to be able to offer the holistic approach.
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The Digestive Tract
The digestive tract is known as the alimentary canal,
which is approximately 10 metres from mouth to
anus, ie buccal cavity; pharynx; oesophagus;
stomach; small intestine; large intestine; rectum and
anus. Duration of the digestive process ranges from
24 to 72 hours.
In addition there are accessory organs which
support the digestive system known as the teeth;
tongue; salivary glands; liver; gall bladder and
the pancreas.
Mechanical digestion is achieved by using
teeth, tongue, jaw and peristalsis.
Chemical digestion is the action of enzymes
on food, in order for it to be broken down
Peristalsis
This is the movement along the alimentary canal,
to ensure that any food eaten makes it way through
to the colon. The walls of the colon; stomach;
small intestine and large intestine are responsible
for propelling the food along its journey. It is a
mechanical action of digestion.
Buccal Cavity and Oesophagus
Food gets ingested in the mouth, being chewed (masticated) with the assistance of teeth and tongue. The
mastication process stimulates the release of saliva, which contains a digestive enzyme called salivary
amylase. This begins the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates in the mouth. Saliva assists the transition
from food into a bolus that can be easily swallowed, via the pharynx into the oesophagus. The food is
forced towards the stomach by gravity and a rhythmic wave-like contraction and relaxation movement
called peristalsis.
The Stomach
The food bolus enters the stomach through the cardiac sphincter. The stomach muscles churn the bolus
into chyme by mixing it with digestive juices (hydrochloric acid and other digestive enzymes). The
stomach has a capacity of 1 - 1.5 litres. The bolus spends 3 - 4 hours in the stomach, being transformed
into chyme. During this time it is digested mainly mechanically, but some chemical digestion of proteins
and fats also takes place. Fat and fibre will extend the length of time food stays in the stomach.
The Small Intestine
Chyme is released from the stomach into the small intestine where it takes around six hours to digest an
average meal, so that the nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. The inner walls contract around 12
times per minute. Bile and pancreatic juices break the chime down into simple chemical structures easily
assimilated by the blood-rich villi. Water and indigestible substances move onto the large intestine. The
ileocaecal valve allows liquid chyme to pass into the large intestine, but with no backflow.
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The Large Intestine
The undigested food stays in the large intestine,
(1.5m long) for about 8 to several days.
Structure - The caecum (first part after the ileocaecal
valve); ascending colon; transverse colon; descending
colon and sigmoid colon, rectum and anus.
Bacteria breakdown the remaining carbohydrates.
The colon re-absorbs most of the remaining water
and mineral salts, passing them into the bloodstream.
Fibre assists the transformation of wastes into faeces,
which are stored in the descending colon, and
evacuated through the rectum and anus.
DIGESTION IN THE MOUTH
Digestion begins in the mouth, which is the first section of the alimentary canal, or digestive tract. The mouth is
a moist, neutral or slightly alkaline environment. The main functions of the mouth are:
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Introducing food into the digestive tract
Mechanical breakdown of food by chewing (mastication)
Start of chemical breakdown of carbohydrates by salivary amylase
Lubrication of food with saliva
Interpreting information about sensations and smell
Salivary Glands
Saliva is a digestive juice, manufactured by glands of
the digestive system and released at different stages.
There are three pairs of salivary glands that release
saliva daily into the oral cavity.
Parotid glands are the largest salivary glands located
below the ear and between the skin of the cheek and
masseter muscle.
Sublingual glands are the smallest salivary gland,
on the floor of the mouth covered by mucous membrane.
Submandibular glands are the size of a small olive.
They are both situated under the lower jaw at the corner
on both sides. Saliva comprises 99.5% water; plasma
salts and salivary amylase.
The Teeth
The teeth are the hardest substances in the body, performing the actual process of chewing, which is
known as mastication. They are accessory digestive organs that help mix food with saliva. There are
different types of teeth in the human mouth. Out of the total of 32 teeth there are 8 Incisors – thin, sharp teeth best used for cutting
4 Canines – conical teeth used for tearing
8 Pre-molars –grinding teeth
12 Molars – larger grinding teeth
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The Tongue
The tongue is a gland consisting of voluntary muscle.
It forces the bolus towards the pharynx, then onto the
oesophagus.
Each tongue has 10,000 taste buds. People lose some
of them as they grow older.
Taste buds send the brain information about taste,
texture and temperature of the food, which in turn
releases digestive juices from the stomach that are
required to process the food further.
DIGESTION IN THE STOMACH
Food enters the stomach. The stomach’s main functions include:
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a site of mechanical and chemical digestion (mainly) of proteins
a food reservoir – normally 1 – 4 litres, but can range from 0.5 - 6 litres
absorption site for alcohol, water and some salts
peristalsis of food into chyme
The stomach is an important digestive organ, serving as a reservoir and blender for chyme before it
enters the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine. The main action that takes place in the
stomach is the churning of the food with gastric juices, containing hydrochloric acid and protein digesting
enzymes. Hydrochloric acid has 1.5pH and the mineral zinc makes HCI.
The stomach is a smooth muscle consisting of three layers - longitudinal layer; circular layer of smooth
muscles, plus an internal oblique layer of smooth muscles, for diagonal stretching. The folds in the stomach
help increase its surface area and retain mucus to protect the stomach muscle. The mucosa produces a
thick alkaline mucus, rich in bicarbonate, which protects it from gastric juices. Mucosa cells renew very
quickly so damaged ones are rapidly replaced.
Carbonated drinks cause the stomach to expand due to the bubbles.
Anatomy of the stomach
The cardia is the opening of the stomach
that receives bolus from the oesophagus.
The fundus is a temporary storage site for
foods and liquids, sometimes filled with
gases, causing pain and discomfort.
The body or the corpus is the mid-portion
of the stomach - the main processing area.
It leads to the pylorus, that propels the
bolus, now called chyme, through the
pyloric sphincter to the first part of the
small intestine called the duodenum.
As food enters the stomach the
walls of the stomach expand
dramatically due to the thick
layers of smooth muscle and
the numerous folds of the
mucosa, called rugae
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Four layers of the stomach (gut) wall
Mucosa
- first layer, acting as a lubricant, protecting blood and other organs from gut bacteria. Deep
gastric pits have narrow channels containing gastric glands that secrete gastric juices. Different cells
secrete different digestive substances.
Submucosa - second layer, made
up of elastic connective tissue containing
blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels.
Muscularis - third layer consisting
of powerful involuntary muscles
responsible for peristaltic movement,
ie churning the contents to
reduce them into chyme.
Serosa - fourth layer (also
known as the visceral peritoneum)
is connective tissue strengthening
the gut and massaging other
internal organs.
Digestive phases in the stomach
There are three phases of gastric secretions
(release of enzyme-rich fluids and hydrochloric
acid from the mucosal layer of the stomach):
1.
Cephalic phase is the shortest – it is
initiated by the expectation of food (its
sight, smell and taste) and lasts about
30 minutes into the meal. This enables
the stomach to prepare itself to the
imminent arrival of food.
2.
Gastric phase is the longest, lasting
about 2.5 hours from the start of the meal.
It is triggered by the presence of food in the
stomach and distension of the stomach.
3.
Intestinal phase is triggered by the release
of chyme into the duodenum, which inhibits
gastric secretion, ie stops the release of
stomach acid.
Layers of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Mechanical digestion in the stomach
The stomach has three mechanical tasks to do:
1. It serves as a storage medium for swallowed food and liquid. The cardiac sphincter at the top of
the stomach can relax and accept large volumes of swallowed material.
2. It is also a blender that mixes the food, liquid, and digestive juice produced by the stomach. The
lower part of the stomach mixes these materials by its muscular action.
3. It produces highly liquefied chyme; emptying its contents slowly into the small intestine through
the pyloric sphincter between the stomach and the small intestine.
Several factors affect emptying of the stomach, including the nature of the food (mainly its fat and protein
content) and the degree of muscle action of the emptying stomach and the next organ to receive the
contents (the small intestine). Protein in the form of meat takes about 2 hours for gastric emptying,
whereas a protein shake would only take about 20 minutes.
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Chemical Digestion in the Stomach
Chemical digestion in the stomach requires the action of hormones and nerve stimulation –
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Nerve stimulation: Long before food makes its way into the stomach, its sight, smell and taste
initiate the cephalic phase, including release of gastric digestive juices and muscular contractions by
stimulating the vagus nerve (in charge of parasympathetic nervous system).
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Hormonal action: When partially digested food enters the stomach, gastrin, a hormone of the
pyloric mucosa, activates further release of gastric digestive juices and muscular contractions.
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More hormonal action: As chyme passes from the stomach to the intestine, the intestine
produces a hormone that stops further secretions of gastrin and stimulates release of intestinal
digestive juices and muscular contractions.
The important role of hydrochloric acid
The hormone gastrin in the blood triggers release of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach. This makes
the stomach a very acid environment, ie 1.5pH. HCl:
 activates the enzyme pepsinogen into pepsin
 curdles milk
 liquefies chyme
 begins the process of protein digestion
 kills almost all bacteria present in the bolus from the oesophagus
The Small Intestine
The small intestine extends from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocaecal valve where it links with the large
intestine. The small intestine is the longest part of the digestive tract, approximately 6 metres long, but
much narrower than the large intestine. 90% of digestion takes place in the first two sections.
The small intestinal wall is made up of a muscle layer, lymph vessels, arteries, veins, capillaries,
epithelial cells, villi, and microvilli. The mucosa of the small intestine is responsible for the breakdown
and absorption of the end products of digestion in the blood. Most of the digestion and the majority of
absorption occurs in the small intestine. Acid chyme from the stomach is neutralised in the intestine by
pancreatic, liver and intestinal secretions, which contains enzymes. The pH of the intestine is continually
increasing as chyme moves from the duodenum toward the ileocaecal valve. Chyme takes 3 - 10 hours
in the small intestine.
Cross-section of the Small Intestine
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Structure of the Small Intestine
The small intestine consists of three parts, in the shape of a convoluted tube – duodenum 20-30cm;
jejunum approx 2m; ileum approx 3m. The small intestine is able to absorb nutrients efficiently because of
its large surface area. Although the width of the small intestine is approx 3cm it has a total absorptive area
the size of a tennis court, due to the concentric folds in the intestine wall. Each fold is 5-6 cm in length and
3.2 millimetres (1/8”) thick.
Folds are found along the
whole length of the small
intestine, most are found
in the duodenum and the
upper part of the jejunum.
They become less
numerous and finally
disappear towards the ileum.
There are about 800 folds
which increase the
surface area by 5 to 8 times.
Villi and Microvilli
Intestinal mucosa contains small organs called villi which consist of a lymph gland and capillary network.
They are found along the walls and are tiny finger-like projections, through which nutrients are absorbed.
Microvilli are located on top of the villi. They are known as brush border cells and help with absorption.
The villi and microvilli increase the active surface of the small intestine. The villi are mostly found in the
duodenum where they look like tiny leaves. In the jejunum and ileum their appearance and shape is
different to that in the duodenum: they get smaller and gradually disappear altogether.
Once the villi absorb the nutrients
they enter the circulatory system
through blood and lymph vessels
found at the base of the villi.
Blood which has absorbed
nutrients, is carried away
from the small intestine via
the hepatic portal vein and
goes to the liver for filtering,
removal of toxins, and
nutrient processing.
Between the villi, there are tubular glands in the intestinal surface, called the Crypts of Lieberkuhn. These
crypts secrete various enzymes, including sucrase and maltase. Peyer's patches are lymphoid organs,
usually found in the lowest portion of the small intestine (ileum).
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Mechanical Digestion in the Small Intestine
Intestinal movements are controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
Propulsion: foodstuffs need to be propelled along the length of the digestive tube in order to
be absorbed and assimilated.
Peristalsis: muscular contractions that move from the oesophagus toward the anus,
propelling contents along their journey.
Mixing: process of combining digestive enzymes with chyme, to ensure digestion and absorption
through the epithelial cells that absorb nutrients.
Chemical Digestion in the Small Intestine
The Duodenum
This is the first section of the small intestine and is the thickest section. It is shorter, wider and less mobile
than the other parts of the small intestine. It receives chyme from the stomach, through the pyloric
sphincter, which prevents chyme from regurgitating back into the stomach. Cells that line the duodenum
secrete hormones, which are chemical messengers to regulate secretion of pancreatic juices and emptying
of the gallbladder and flow of bile.
Below the pylorus, the common bile duct and the major pancreatic duct merge in the duodenum. Both are
surrounded by the Sphincter of Oddi. Through these ducts the duodenum receives juices containing
salts and enzymes, required for the mechanical and chemical digestion of food from the liver, gall bladder
and the pancreas.
It also receives enzymes from the numerous glands along its walls. This lowers the acidity and raises
pH of the chyme and continues to break it down. Most of the chemical breakdown in the small intestine
occurs in the duodenum. The duodenum is an important site of iron absorption.
Jejunum
The jejunum is 1-3m in
length and 3cm in diameter.
The jejunum and its lining
absorbs carbohydrates,
proteins and folic acid.
The majority of carbohydrates
and proteins are absorbed
within the first 30% of its length.
Ileum
The ileum is 2-3m long. Unlike the
duodenum, the jejunum and ileum
are both attached to the abdominal
wall by a thin mucous membrane
and can shift positions within the body.
The ileum has numerous coils and its
diameter is 2cm smaller than that of the
Duodenum or Jejunum. It has only a few
folds which disappear entirely towards the
lower end. The Peyer’s patches are larger
and more numerous.
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The ileum is important
for absorbing products
of fat digestion: fatty
acids & glycerol, bile
salts and vitamin B12,
plus absorption of water.
The ileum enters the
large intestine at the
ileocaecal valve, which
prevents the backward
movement of substances
from the large to small
intestine.
The Large Intestine
The colon or bowel is also known as the large intestine. It starts from the ileocaecal valve and finishes at
the anus. It is approximately 1.5m long and has an average diameter of 5 cm - double the size of the small
intestine. The mucosa lacks villi and microvilli and has a smoother surface than in other sections of the
alimentary canal. Goblet cells line the walls, secreting mucus into the lumen (passage), hence mucus can
sometimes be seen in the faeces. The colon holds on average about 3lb bacteria. Bacteria acts upon the
remaining food residue and this bacterial fermentation produces about 500ml of gas each day - hydrogen,
nitrogen, methane, carbon dioxide and hydro-sulphide.
4 Tissue Layers of the Wall of the Colon
Mucosa
- first layer, acting as a lubricant, with absorptive cells that absorb water and goblet cells that
secrete mucous. It also contains a few lymphatic nodules. Bacteria reside in the mucosa and are
beneficial, only causing harm if leaking through to other organs. Powerful bacterial enzymes are produced
by bacteria, with the function of breaking down cellulose (undigestible fibre) so that it absorbs toxic wastes
in the digestive system.
Submucosa - second layer, made up of elastic connective tissue containing blood vessels, nerves and
lymphatic vessels. Its function is an immunity barrier between the sealed eliminative system and the rest of
the body. This is where nutrients from the large intestine are absorbed into the bloodstream, but sometimes
the enzymes migrate from the mucosa to the submucosa, and start digesting cells, which is called
autodigestion. Toxins escape into the bloodstream, called Leaky Gut Syndrome. A healthy body can cope
well, however a compromised one will struggle. Candida albicans causes alcohol to be absorbed directly
into the bloodstream, weakening the immune system.
Muscularis - third layer consisting of powerful muscle
fibres responsible for peristaltic movement. Laxatives and
food intolerances or allergies overexcite nerve endings,
causing overactive peristaltic contractions, reducing
absorption from the mucosa, which compromises the
immune system. Longitudinal muscle fibres collect into
three thickened bands at intervals, called taeniae coli,
known as ribbons of the colon. These are always
slightly contracted into pouches called haustra.
Serosa - fourth layer (also known as the
visceral peritoneum) is connective tissue
strengthening the gut and massaging
other internal organs. Constipation
stretches the serosa by stretching it,
causing the gut wall to weaken.
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The large intestine begins just above the right groin, known as the caecum, from which grows the
appendix, a gland of the immune system. Its function is to fight possible infections in the incoming chyme
and is also thought to help with digestion of meat. Inflammation of appendix is referred to as appendicitis.
The next section of the large intestine is the ascending colon (20cm long). It starts at the caecum and
ascends up to the liver, then approx 90 degrees bend, known as the hepatic flexure. Hepatic means
relating to the liver. It is now known as the transverse colon (35-55cm), extending across the
abdomen. The transverse colon reaches the splenic flexure, again another 90 degrees turn into the
area known as the descending colon (22-30cm).
Finally, the colon makes a curve resembling the letter S known as the sigmoid colon (15cm) before
emptying into the rectum. The rectum is 8-18 cm long.
Three semilunar valves (Valves of Houston)
are present in the mucosal layer of the
rectum, which slows faecal movement
through this region. When straightened
out, the muscular tube of the rectum
evacuates stools from the sigmoid colon.
The descending and sigmoid colon
normally evacuate at the same time.
The last section of the rectum is
known as the anal canal. Its lining
is not of mucus but squamous
epithelium. Located at the end of
the anal canal are two sphincter
muscles. The internal sphincter
muscle is a smooth muscle,
while the external sphincter is a
skeletal muscle. The external
sphincter muscle is under
voluntary control, while the
internal muscle is an
involuntary muscle, not
under our conscious control.
Functions of the Large Intestine
 Supporting and massaging the organs of the abdominal cavity
 Recycling water, electrolytes and nutrients back into circulation
 Producing serotonin, the mood-regulating neurotransmitter, with an important role in
digestion and absorption
 Producing vitamin K and B12
 Producing stool-fermenting enzymes and fermenting wastes
 Storing and eliminating wastes
 Supporting the body’s immune system and hosting the bacterial population
Bowel motility is the least active at the caecum, where the large intestine has the widest diameter, and it
intensifies when wastes reach the transverse colon which is considered to be the most active.
In colonic treatments, the transverse colon is a crucial area to massage, remove any hardness within that
area and release any emotional trauma that is stored there.
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ACCESSORY ORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Liver, Gallbladder and Pancreas
Liver
The liver is the largest gland in the
body. It weighs around 3-4 pounds
and is located in the right side of the
thoracic cavity, beneath the diaphragm,
on top of the stomach.
There are two sources that supply
blood to the liver:
oxygenated blood from hepatic artery
deoxygenated, nutrient blood from
hepatic portal vein (drugs, toxins,
microbes absorbed from gastrointestinal
tract which the liver needs to make safe)
Functions of the Liver
There are more than 500 vital functions. The liver can lose three-quarters of Its cells before it stops
functioning. In addition, the liver is the only organ in the body that can regenerate itself, taking 6-8 weeks to
do so.
The liver functions as the blood filter of the body. All blood that leaves the digestive tract flows through the
liver prior to being returned to general circulation. The blood flows from the inferior mesenteric and superior
mesenteric veins to the hepatic portal veins and into the liver, where the blood is cleaned and filtered. The
toxins removed from the blood in the liver are then returned into the small intestines with bile. Some of the
liver’s other well-known functions are:
•
Production of cholesterol to help carry fats through the body
•
Filtering drugs, alcohols and other poisonous substances out of blood
•
Production of heparin which helps prevent blood clotting
•
Removal of dead red blood cells from circulatory system
•
•
Storage of trace metals (such as copper and iron)
Production of certain proteins for blood plasma
•
Storage of fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K
•
Production of bile, to carry away waste
•
•
Delivery of bile onto gall bladder
Removal of toxins from the blood
•
Storage of absorbed nutrients
•
Processing of haemoglobin for use of its iron
•
Conversion of glycogen into glucose for energy
•
Conversion of excess glucose into glycogen for storage
•
Production of urea and uric acid, end products of protein metabolism and excreted in the urine
•
Resisting infections by producing immune factors and removing bacteria from the bloodstream
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Functions of Gall Bladder
This is located underneath the liver and is a small pear-shaped organ, which stores bile from the liver and
transports bile to the duodenum through cystic duct and the common bile duct. It is connected to the liver
(which produces the bile) by the hepatic duct. It is approximately 3 to 4 inches (7.6 to 10.2 cm) long and
about 1” (2.5 cm) wide. To store 70% bile concentrate, reducing it from bile which is continually secreted by
the liver. The bile emulsifies fats and neutralizes acids in partly digested food. As the sphincter of Oddi in
the common bile duct opens, the bile flows from the gallbladder into the duodenum.
Gallstones
Sometimes the bile salts crystallize in
the gallbladder, forming gallstones.
These small, hard lumps are more
common in persons over 40, especially
in women and the obese. They can
cause inflammation of the gallbladder,
with symptoms similar to indigestion,
especially after a fatty meal is consumed.
If a stone becomes lodged in the bile duct,
it produces severe pain. Gallstones may
pass out of the body spontaneously, but
often results in the need for surgical
removal of the gallbladder.
Bile
Bile, yellow to green in colour and bitter in
taste, is produced by hepatic (liver) cells
from cholesterol. 500ml is produced daily.
It is composed of bile salts, bile acids, lipids
(fats), and pigments biliverdin and bilirubin
(dead red blood cells). They must be
removed from the circulatory system.
Jaundice is a result of malfunction in the liver
where they stay in the system. Visual
observations are that the skin and whites
of the eyes develop a yellowish tinge.
In addition to its excretory functions, bile is
responsible for the emulsification of fats
and the partial neutralisation of chyme.
Fatty acids and glycerol can only be
absorbed in the presence of bile salts.
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Pancreas
The pancreas is responsible for secreting hormones to maintain the blood sugar levels. It secretes gastric
juices, to neutralise the acidity of food, into the small intestine. The pH in the stomach needs to be acidic
so that the hydrochloric acid kills bacteria. Once chyme reaches the small intestine, it changes the pH from
acidic to alkaline.
Insulin is a hormone that helps glucose move from blood into cells, so that it can be used for energy.
Another hormone, glucagon, is secreted to allow the liver or muscles to released its stores of glycogen and
convert it into glucose – as the body needs more energy.
The liver and muscles store glycogen. The body uses glucose for energy, but is unable to store it as
glucose, so can only store it as glycogen. Glycogen is continually converted into glucose, and glucose is
also constantly converted back into glycogen.
Diabetes, an imbalance of blood sugar levels, is a major disorder of the pancreas. Diabetes occurs when
the pancreas does not produce enough insulin (Type 1) or the body is resistant to the insulin in the blood
(Type 2).
In Type 1 diabetes, a client must take insulin shots
In Type 2 diabetes, a client may not necessarily need insulin and can sometimes control blood sugar levels
with exercise, diet and other medications
Too much insulin can lead to hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar), with symptoms of anxiety, sweating,
increased heart rate, weakness, hunger, and light-headedness. Low blood sugar stimulates release of
adrenaline, glucagon and growth hormone, which help to return the blood sugar to normal.
Alpha cells produce glucagon
Beta cells produce insulin
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JUICES AND ENZYMES OF THE INTESTINAL TRACT
Absorption in the small intestine
Absorption takes place by diffusion and active transport. Monosaccharides (simplest form of
carbohydrates), amino acids (simplest form of proteins), tripeptides and dipeptides are actively
transported into the epithelial cells lining the wall, together with the absorption of sodium. The carrier
proteins have two receptor sites, one for sodium and one for glucose. Only when both are filled would they
be actively transported from the lumen side of the epithelium and into the cells. From here they diffuse into
the capillaries.
In the epithelium, the fatty acids and glycerol are reformed into triglycerides, packaged into globules with
cholesterol and phospholipids and then coated with protein. These packages are eventually passed out
from the epithelial cells into blood. Digestion and absorption are almost complete by the time the chyme
reaches the caecum of the large intestine.
DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
The pancreas secretes powerful enzymes that collectively have the capacity to reduce virtually all
digestible molecules into forms that are capable of being absorbed. Four major groups of enzymes are
critical for efficient digestion:
1. PROTEASES
Digestion of proteins is initiated by pepsin in the stomach, but the bulk of protein digestion is due to the
pancreatic proteases. Two major pancreatic proteases are trypsin and chymotrypsin, which are
synthesized and packaged into secretory vesicles in their inactive forms of trypsinogen and
chymotrypsinogen. Because our bodies are mainly protein, fat and water, proteases that break down
proteins are dangerous enzymes to have in cells in their active state, so packaging them into an inactive
form enables the cells to safely handle these enzymes, so that proteins can be digested once pancreatic
secretions reach the small intestine.
Proteins are broken down into peptides and enzymes secreted by the small intestine complete the process
down to amino acids.
2. LIPASE
Dietary fat is mainly composed of triglycerides. A triglyceride molecule cannot be directly absorbed across
the intestinal mucosa. Rather, it must first be hydrolyzed, i.e. broken down into smaller molecules. The
enzyme that performs this hydrolysis is pancreatic lipase, which is a constituent of pancreatic juice.
Sufficient quantities of bile salts must also be present in the intestine in order for lipase to efficiently digest
dietary fats and for the resulting fatty acids and monoglycerides to be absorbed. This means that normal
digestion and absorption of dietary fat is dependent on secretions from both the pancreas and liver.
3. AMYLASE
The main dietary intake is from carbohydrates such as starch. Amylase is the enzyme that hydrolyses
starch to smaller molecules that will eventually be broken down to simple sugars. The major source of
amylase is pancreatic juices, although amylase is also present in saliva – known as salivary amylase.
4. NUCLEASES
Pancreatic nuclease enzymes digest nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) in the duodenum.
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ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY IN RELATION TO COLONICS
Endocrine (Hormonal) System
Adrenal Glands
The adrenal cortex produces glucocorticoids to help the body control blood sugar levels; increase the
burning of protein and fat.
Cushing’s Syndrome – too much cortisol is produced
Addison’s Disease – too little cortisol is produced
The adrenal medulla produces adrenaline, which is secreted to increase the heart rate, dilate the bronchi
to increase oxygen intake and prepare the body for action.
Thyroid
The thyroid is situated in front of the neck, below the
Adam's apple. The thyroid gland produces the hormone
thyroxine, which controls metabolism, which in turn controls
our energy levels plus how weight is maintained, gained or lost.
Hypothyroidism (too little hormone) – lack of energy,
slow heart rate, constipation, weight gain; and feeling cold
Hyperthyroidism (too much hormone) – anxiety, heart
beating faster than normal, diarrhoea, weight loss
Lymphatic System
As waste leaves the body cells, it is carried away by blood and lymph. Lymphatic vessels transport excess
fluid; foreign and harmful bodies from the body’s cells. Lymphatic fluid is activated by movement, walking,
stretching and exercise and encouraged to prevent lymph becoming stagnant - which would lead to
increased risk of infection; phlebitis; thrombosis and poor healing of the body. Lymph vessels contain oneway valves and are lined with muscle tissue to pump the lymph through the valves.
Main functions of the lymphatic system are to carry toxins away from all cells and form antibodies against
infection - hence the reason lymph glands or nodes enlarge during times of illness.
As much as 80% of immune response is activated from the colon. The colon is supplied with lymph
material in its walls and in the small intestine groups of lymphatic cells are in Peyers Patches. There are
enzymes in both the small and large intestines and these are the immune system’s first line of defence.
Muscular System
There are over 600 main muscles in the body, comprising skeletal; smooth and cardiac muscle that account
for about a third of our body weight:
Voluntary (Skeletal) muscles are attached to the bones, controlled by the Central Nervous System
and are responsible for our voluntary (conscious) movements, such as running, swimming, moving

Involuntary (Smooth) muscles, that line up the internal organs of the intestines, stomach, pupils of
eyes and blood vessels are directly related to the Autonomic Nervous System. Their contractions
assist delivery of oxygen and nutrients to body cells plus removal of wastes

Cardiac muscle is the heart, responsible for pumping blood around the body
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Nervous System
The nervous system collects and sends messages to and from the brain to organs and muscles, within
milliseconds.
Afferent nerves carry sensory impulses from all parts of the body to the brain (A for Arrive)
Efferent nerves carry motor impulses away from the brain to all parts of the body (E for Exit)
The Central Nervous System (the brain and spinal cord, with protective meninges) is responsible for all
conscious actions and the Peripheral Nervous System (12 pairs cranial and 31 pairs spinal nerves, plus
Autonomic Nervous System) is responsible for functions outside of our control.
Autonomic Nervous System
The human body performs a number of activities automatically, without any conscious thoughts. It is
divided into the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) and Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS).
Colonic Hydrotherapists need to appreciate the workings of the Autonomic Nervous system, so that they
can give appropriate advice to clients that are stressed, working too hard, unable to sleep, have any
digestive disorders etc. In these situations clients will be working their SNS, rather than PNS.
Sympathetic Nervous System – Increase in heart rate; dilation of pupils, bronchi; increase in
glucose levels; release of adrenaline; digestive system shuts down; decreased saliva production
Functions – known as fight or flight, the SNS kick starts our system and prepares us for action by
speeding up our metabolism. It allows the body to cool down in excess temperatures, by dilating
blood vessels
Parasympathetic Nervous System – Slowing of heart rate; constriction of pupil; increased
peristalsis; constriction of blood vessels
Functions – to lower blood pressure and all workings within the body – apart from the digestive
system, whose activity is increased
Skin
The skin eliminates one-third of the body’s toxins, so visual observations of a person’s skin can highlight
how efficient the digestive system is performing. Use the time during a colonic consultation and treatment to
observe the skin.
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DISORDERS OF THE LARGE INTESTINE
Cancers and Benign Tumours
Both benign and malignant tumours may occur in all portions of the bowel. Malignant tumours are
more common in the large intestine than in the small intestine. Risk factors for cancers of the colon
and rectum are high-fat and high-protein diets; diets high in processed foods; constipation, heredity,
sedentary lifestyle and obesity.
Candida
Invasion of intestinal epithelium increases its permeability, then candida, its toxins, other micro-organisms
and waste particles pass from the intestinal tract into the bloodstream. This creates an immune reaction as
these are regarded as foreign particles. When protein particles reach the brain they cause brain allergies
such as depression, irritability, sudden mood swings.
Besides candida, other micro-organisms such as bacteria, viruses and fungi are able to migrate from the
gastro-intestinal tract to other parts of the body, causing inflammatory conditions and infectious diseases.
Micro-organisms pass into the lymph nodes, blood, liver, pancreas and spleen. In this condition the ileocaecal valve remains in the open position, which enables colonic bacteria and candida to spread up the
intestinal tract to inhabit the small intestines and stomach, thereby creating nutritional and intestinal
disorders. Symptoms include lethargy; flatulence; thrush; headaches; cravings and digestive pain.
Coeliac Disease
This damages the small intestine and affects absorption of nutrients from food due to inability to break down
a gluten protein, found in wheat, rye, and barley. Eating foods or products containing gluten causes
damage to villi in the small intestine. Villi allow nutrients from food to be absorbed into the bloodstream.
Without healthy villi, a person becomes malnourished, regardless of how much food is eaten. Because the
body's own immune system causes damage, coeliac disease is considered an autoimmune disorder, and a
disease of malabsorption because nutrients are not absorbed. Coeliac disease is a genetic disease.
Colon abnormalities:
Atonic - known as Lazy Bowel because it has low muscle tone or strength, so water flows in and
out of the bowel without engaging the bowel itself. It may be caused by overuse of laxatives or
dietary imbalances from anorexia or bulimia in earlier years; insufficient fibre or effect of medications
or illegal drugs
Collapsed – one or more pouches close in upon itself due to lack of muscle tones in the colon wall
Hypertonic – bowel tone is too contracted and client may suffer from bouts of constipation and
diarrhoea, plus gas and yeast
Prolapsed – the transverse colon droops or sags, often putting excess pressure on the bladder,
uterus or prostate, causing problems in those organs also
Redundant – colon has become very elongated, so that a section folds back upon itself. This
restricts the movement of faeces, so that faecal matter builds up in the colon
Spastic - one or more pouches are in a constant state of contraction, thereby reducing the diameter
size of colon
Constipation and Diarrhoea
Most people, even children, suffer from some sort of constipation. Chronic diarrhoea is a sign of
constipation and most often due to the presence of irritation in the colon, or a stagnant condition of the
bowel which is laden with harmful bacteria and parasites. Constipare is the Latin word meaning “to press
together”. Old faeces may build up in pockets, coating the entire length of the colon and small intestine, so
waste matter becomes hardened and does not become eliminated in normal bowel actions.
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An overstretched or laden bowel can descend low into the pelvic cavity and cause pressure on the bladder,
rectum and uterus. The longer food remains in the bowel in a putrified state, the more toxins remain in the
system. An overload of toxins causes diseases. Constipation is defined as the difficult or infrequent
passage of faeces and is associated with the presence of dry, hardened stools. Chronic constipation
creates conditions for the development of cancer.
Crohn’s Disease (Regional Enteritis)
An inflammatory disease which usually affects the lower ileum and generally causes problems around
the ileo-caecal valve, but may involve other parts of the gastrointestinal tract. The cause is unknown
and affects both males and females equally and generally the younger age group.
Diverticulosis / Diverticulitis
A diverticulum is a protrusion of the mucosa and is often covered by muscular tissue. Diverticula can
occur at any point in the gastrointestinal tract, but are most common in the sigmoid region of the colon.
Most colon diverticula are acquired and caused by increased pressure inside the bowel, which causes its
tissue to bulge out between the muscle fibres. The presence of diverticula is referred to as diverticulosis.
Complications are perforations, haemorrhage, and inflammation which is referred to as diverticulitis.
Problems associated with diverticulosis and diverticulitis are caused by highly refined and processed foods.
The longer foods remain in the gastrointestinal tract, the more likely that harmful toxins will form and
multiply. Not all the faecal matter is evacuated, so hardens on the walls of the colon. Gradually the passage
inside the colon becomes smaller. Small pockets are formed as the muscles of the colon have to work
harder to evacuate faeces. Eventually the pockets become infected, causing diverticulitis.
Dysbiosis
Dysbiosis is a state of imbalance of intestinal flora, ie an overgrowth in the intestinal tract of pathogenic
organisms, such as yeasts, parasites, micro-organisms of fungi, harmful bacteria or viruses. Dysbiosis
causes lethargy, lowers the immune system, upsets concentration levels and hormonal balance. It can
cause anxiety, depression or mood swings. If you have dysbiosis, then you could suffer from fatigue,
headaches, intestinal upsets, and some of the symptoms of Candida.
Flatulence
Flatulence occurs when the digestive system is not working effectively, insufficient digestive enzymes are
not produced or a duct transporting the digestive enzymes is partially or completely blocked. Gas can also
come from air swallowed as part of respiration. Excess of flatulence can cause headaches; skin eruptions;
lethargy; aches & pains in joints.
Since the encrusted faeces line the colon wall, the colon is unable to absorb nutrients from the food.
Wastes from blood which should normally be drawn into the colon through colon walls are reabsorbed by
the body along with other toxins resulting from the fermentation and putrefaction of incompletely digested
food. Increase in flatulence occurs when consuming large quantities of foods such as beans or dairy
products which leave partially undigested sugars that produce a larger than normal amount of gas. Too
much dairy and meat will also cause achy joints.
Haemorrhoids
Haemorrhoids are the result of excess pressure and straining on the rectal veins, causing them to swell.
They can be painful and may rupture, causing bleeding. Constipation causes haemorrhoids due to dry,
hard, compacted stools. Poor eating habits and lack of water are other causes.
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Hernias
A badly ballooned colon creates excess pressure within the abdomen, so that part of the gastro-intestinal
tract protrudes into the abdominal wall. A strangulated hernia is a shortage of blood supply to the bowel.
Hiatus hernia – stomach protrudes up through opening in the diaphragm. Inguinal hernia – bulging
intestines manifest as lumps in the groin, both causing considerable pain and discomfort.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
An irritable colon is a chronic non-infectious irritation that is thought to be caused by increased spasticity
of the colon. Symptoms are frequent liquid stools, small hard stools and abdominal cramps. The
condition often occurs in people who are under stress, tense, anxious and emotionally unstable. The
bowel becomes over sensitive caused by emotional responses and too much adrenaline in the
bloodstream.
Cow’s milk and antigens can be responsible for the condition, manifesting itself as constipation; low pain;
bloatedness; flatulence or diarrhoea.
Nerves and muscles in the bowel are extra-sensitive, causing muscles to cramp during or shortly after
eating, often followed by diarrhoea. Problem foods that cause symptoms include milk products, chocolate,
alcohol, caffeine, carbonated drinks, and fatty foods.
Leaky Gut Syndrome
The gut lining is permeable, ie small particles of food are able to pass through into other cells. In a healthy
body the holes are small enough to keep molecules contained. When the intestinal wall is weakened, toxic
poisonous substances are released and collected by lymph nodes, which are numerous in the intestinal
area. Liver cells keep out as much toxic waste as possible, but during times of overload, such as waste
products, alcohol, food additives, preservatives, pesticides, its performance becomes compromised.
Diseases such as skin eruptions arise, such as acne, psoriasis, dermatitis, urticaria, eczema, chronic
fatigue. Leaky gut can be caused by exposure to anti-inflammatory drugs, lack of oxygen, chemotherapy
drugs. In normal circumstances the intestinal lining generates a new lining every 3-6 days. If the gut is
damaged, the body suffers from inadequate absorption of vital nutrients. No matter how many vitamins and
minerals are ingested, absorption is impossible, resulting in malnutrition. Therefore, vitamin and mineral
supplements should include vitamins, A, B, C and E, zinc, selenium, manganese and magnesium.
Glutamine is an important amino acid that reverses gut abnormalities.
Parasitic Infestations
A variety of species of parasitic worms may invade the intestinal tract. The most common are round worms
and tapeworms. Acute parasitic infection has symptoms of abdominal distress and diarrhoea, often urgent
with burning sensations and fluid loss. Generally, there is malabsorption of nutrients, especially fatty foods.
Irritable bowel syndrome, blood sugar fluctuations, sudden food cravings, and extreme emaciation or
overweight are all possible symptoms of a possible parasitic infestation.
Rectal Fissure
An ulceration of the skin of the anal canal. An acute fissure occurs from tissue being stretched, probably
as a result of evacuating hard or large faecal matter.
Ulcerative Colitis
Ulcerative colitis is a inflammatory disease of unknown cause characterized by passage of blood
and mucous stools. It consists of congestion, oedema, and ulcerations which may develop into
abscesses. The oedema may lead to extreme dryness and fragility of the mucosa. Faecal matter
often contains pus, blood, mucus and could be more fluid.
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HISTORY OF COLONIC HYDROTHERAPY
Colonic hydrotherapy is an old tradition. Enemas and colon cleansing dates back to an Egyptian medical
papyrus dated 1500 BC, which shows Egyptians employed purgatives, enemas, diuretics, heat, steam and
leeches to treat diseases. Many tribes have used river water for cleansing. Colon cleansing therapies were
an important part of Taoist and Yoga training.
Hippocrates, Galen and Paracelsus, who are recognized as the founding fathers of Western medicine,
described, practised and prescribed the use of enemas for colon cleansing. Both in Europe and the USA,
colon hydrotherapy equipment was used by doctors practising in health spas and hospitals. From the
1920s to the 1960s, the regular use of enemas was standard practice amongst most medical practitioners
and they were implemented as common treatment in many hospitals.
Colonics versus Enemas
Enemas:
 Have been used for the relief of constipation, flatulence and intestinal discomfort
 They are often self-administered
 They empty the lower part of the large intestine
 Water has to be held within the bowel for a long time, then evacuated. The process often has to be
repeated several times
Colonics:
 Are administered by a person with professional training
 Can hydrate and empty the whole of the large intestine
 Are a series of small holds, never beyond the uncomfortable threshold
 Is a 45-minute treatment using a special piece of equipment to control the water flow
Colonic Equipment
Always use equipment recommended by your colonic hydrotherapy organizations, which meets local water
authority’s standards.
1. Make sure your equipment is installed and tested by a qualified installer
2. Always follow equipment manufacturer’s instructions in performing the cleansing procedure
3. Always use the cleansing solution recommended by the manufacturer
4. Maintain your equipment and change all necessary parts as per the instructions contained in the
equipment manual, especially the filters
Disposables
1.
2.
3.
Use disposable kits only
No part of the disposable kits (speculum, obturator, inlet & outlet pipes, disposable underpants or
gown) must ever be re-used
It is recommended to use paper towels or flannels in your washroom
The Room
1.
2.
3.
4.
The floors must be fully washable. Carpet floor is not allowed
The room must have its own adjoining toilet, washing facilities and have an extraction system
There must be a water fountain/supply of drinking water on the premises
UK regulations require a separate sink for therapist’s use only
Personal appearance
1. Professional appearance must be maintained at all times
2. Ensure hands are sanitised and free from cooking smells
3. No heavily scented perfumes should be used
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Hygiene
1. All surfaces touched by the customer: the toilet, the door handles, the bed must be sanitised with a
disinfectant solution between all treatments
2. Disposable gloves must be worn at all times during the treatment and the cleaning process. Any gloves
smeared with bodily fluids must be immediately discarded and replaced
3. Hands must be scrubbed between treatments
4. All disposables, paper etc must be stored and removed in accordance with local by-laws
Water temperature and pressure
Always follow manufacturers’ instructions. Generally water temperature must be reasonably close to body
o
temperature (36.8 C).
Treatment duration
The average treatment duration is around 45 minutes.
Treatment preparation
1. Always check contra-indications
2. Check the consultation has been signed and dated by the client
3. Do not treat clients with severe hyper or hypotension
4. Never treat anyone who appears to be under the influence of alcohol or drugs or behaves erratically
5. Clients will often arrive for their first colonic treatment feeling apprehensive, nervous and curious about
what will happen during the treatment. A good colonic hydrotherapist will be prepared and do all they
can to offer reassurance before and during the treatment
6. In closed systems, insertion is carried out when the client is lying on their side. Give a thorough
explanation to the client and ensure the client is at ease. Some discomfort may be experienced
7. In open systems, the client sits on a protruding tube and self-inserts. No colonic hydrotherapist
assistance is needed throughout the treatment
8. When using lubricant, use disposable spatulas to avoid cross-contamination
Comments from clients

It was much better than I expected

I feel so motivated to eat healthier now

I feel cleansed

I’m amazed at how much came out of my body

I wish I’d done this years ago

I can’t wait for my next treatment

How soon can I have my next treatment?

How many treatments would you recommend?

I’ve got so much relief from Irritable Bowel Syndrome
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CLIENT REACTIONS AND EXPERIENCES DURING TREATMENT
Caecum Flush
The caecum is the first part of the large intestine. A caecum flush can be observed in the waste pipe, which
will be full of a dark green soup-like consistency. Once the caecum flush has started, the pipe will be full
several times as it is all evacuated. This means that the water has been able to travel around the whole
bowel and represents a good release.
If, however, the caecum flush is at the beginning of a treatment, this could indicate that the walls of the
large intestine are much narrower than they should be and are possibly covered in mucous faecal matter.
As water is unable to soak off the faecal matter so early on in the treatment, it quickly travels round the
bowel to the caecum area.
Erratic Breathing
Clients can experience more discomfort if they aren’t able to relax during the treatment and hold their
breath. Oxygen is needed. As more oxygen is inhaled, more carbon dioxide (waste product) is released.
Clients might hold their breath at some point in the treatment and it is the job of the therapist to work with
the client to ensure the breathing rate is flowing, at ease and encouraged to be deep and slow.
Lack of Oxygen
As water is released from the bowel, together with faecal matter, the body sees the bowel as a site of
emergency, so blood and endorphins immediately go to that area. As blood contains nutrients and oxygen,
this blood supply increases, so other parts of the body stop receiving their full share of oxygen.
Low Sugar Levels
Caused if the client has not had sufficient food during the day. Client can feel slightly dizzy or disorientated
and this can be overcome by offering them a sugar lolly or mini box of raisins, which needs to be eaten
straight away to increase glucose levels.
Weight loss?
Faecal matter and toxins will be lost, but one of the main aims of the treatment is to rehydrate the colon. If
a client has previously been dehydrated, then water will be absorbed. Getting weighed on the scales
before and after the treatment could even result in some slight weight gain, albeit temporary.
The main benefits are that soaking occurs in the large intestine, which helps to release any hardened
faeces. Clients will have better absorption of nutrients through the walls of the intestine, which will in turn
contribute towards better health and wellbeing, and less impacted faecal matter building up. Better
absorption of nutrients will contribute towards weight loss.
How many treatments are recommended?
A course of 3 treatments is beneficial for every single person. Often clients book their first treatment and
seek guidance from the therapist as to future treatments required. Many clients will rehydrate on their first
colonic treatment. Subsequent treatments should be recommended until the client has started to release.
If the client has suffered with digestive disorders for several years, then it will take more than a few
treatments to bring the body back to balance and restore harmony to the large intestine.
Lifestyle and nutritional advice are very important to complete the holistic treatment.
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AFTERCARE ADVICE
Clients need to receive an aftercare advice sheet, with recommendations for nutritional and lifestyle
support. Clients should refrain from eating spicy or rich foods, alcohol and generally excess food for 24
hours after the treatment. Light food with plentiful vegetables would be beneficial, introducing whole grains
such as brown rice, barley, oats and buckwheat. Clients often have problems with constipation and
digestive disorders due to the lack of fibre. Aim for more soluble fibre, rather than insoluble, as this will be
less harsh on the wall of the colon.
Artificial sweeteners should be avoided, as well as carbonated drinks, which will only make clients more
bloated and feeling gassy.
After a treatment clients will feel lighter, brighter and less bloated, due to excess gas being eliminated
during the colonic treatment. If there has been a long-standing condition of constipation or several health
problems, a slight headache or fatigue may be experienced with the first and/or second colonic. This will
only last 24-48 hours.
The liver is the main organ of detoxification, so it can sometimes undergo a healing response as a result of
receiving a colonic. If clients experience a healing response, then they should be advised to book in for
another colonic treatment as soon as possible, as it means that excess toxins are travelling around the
bloodstream looking for an escape route. A second colonic treatment will give those toxins that escape
route.
Some water has been absorbed through the colon walls during the colonic and clients may feel the need to
urinate for a few hours afterwards. This is a normal response and clients should be encouraged to include
more water intake in their diet, to further promote the cleansing effect on the kidneys.
Normal bowel movements may take 1-4 days to resume, due the colon being emptied of solid matter.
Clients should only be offered one or two lifestyle/aftercare advice tips, so as to avoid overloading them.
Encourage clients to avoid ice cold water with meals. The most optimum temperature for water is at body
temperature, ie luke warm.
Advise clients to chew food slowly. If clients suffer with flatulence then, whenever possible, talking should
also be avoided when they are eating, to avoid air getting into the digestive system.
It is a good idea to develop your own Aftercare Sheet, which is given to clients at the end of the treatment.
Often clients do not fully listen to everything being explained, but would read the leaflet later on at their own
convenience.
Supplements
Clients receiving colonic treatments will often have digestive disorders, which can be relieved through the
intake of supplements.
Innahealth is a range of herbs, vitamins and minerals to repair the intestinal walls and offer comfort with
conditions such as candida; bloatedness; aches & pains; lethargy; indigestion; detoxing; food intolerances;
leaky gut, and many more.
A full business day is offered to colonic therapists on Innahealth, so that they are able to offer advice to
clients towards better health and wellbeing.
During the consultation it is beneficial to discover whether clients are taking medication and/or
supplements. Medication is often prescribed and clients have virtually no control over what is to be taken.
Discovering what supplements clients take will highlight what priority they have over their own wellbeing.
Sometimes clients do not disclose what conditions or disorders they are suffering from. Discovering
information about what supplements are being taken will give you clues about their priorities.
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CAUSES OF DIFFERENT BOWEL MOVEMENTS
The factor that will have the biggest effect on the volume of eliminations is the amount of fibre and water in
our diet. Someone who eats grains and vegetables and drinks a sufficient amount of water will eliminate
more than someone who is on a high-protein and low-carbohydrate diet.
Evacuation of stored wastes, both food and non-food in origin, will continue even if the food intake is
minimal, for example during periods of cleansing or detoxification. People who don’t eat enough fibre, both
soluble and insoluble, or whose diet is too dry, as well as those who ‘bottle up’ emotions and stress, will not
eliminate as much.
However, those people will accumulate just as much waste, but without the fibre, as it is not able to get rid
of it as quickly if at all.
The need for acidic colon
The main acid in the colon is acetic acid – originating from fats and sweets. This acidity protects the body
against bacteria. Antibiotics, all pain killing drugs and steroids have a disastrous effect on the bowel,
destroying all active bacteria, leaving more waste in the bowel.
The intestine likes fibre as it absorbs water, bulking out the intestines and encouraging evacuation from the
bowels. Friendly bacteria produce lactic acid, acetic acid, digestive enzymes and vitamins.
How constipation develops
If it takes longer than 10 minutes to complete a bowel movement, then that represents constipation. The
residues of digested food move from the small intestine into the large intestine in liquid form. Peristalsis, ie
muscular contractions, moves the contents through the colon before evacuating them. Walls of the colon
are absorbing both moisture and waste material from the body into the colon. The longer material remains
in the colon, the more moisture is absorbed from it, with the result that it is drier and pressed together.
During a bowel movement powerful contractions, called mass movements, force the contents of the rectum
and lower colon through the anus. Faecal matter will be of different consistencies:Watery matter will be eliminated quite quickly
Slimy matter will be eliminated more slowly
Slimy matter has a longer transit time through the colon, so more moisture will be absorbed from it, causing
it to become sticky, coating the sides of the colon as it passes through. As layers of sticky faecal matter
build up, they often form tough, rubbery, really dark stools. The slimy matter is due to the levels of mucoid
material present in the colon.
A nonmucoid stool can be fully formed as it passes out of the body, but soon crumbles when it hits water,
or will break up when gently agitated. Nonmucoid stools pass through the body quicker.
A mucoid stool has the appearance of lumps pressed together. The more mucoid the stools are, then the
longer the transmit time and often more straining is required.
A borderline mucoid stool requires little or no straining to be passed from the body, breaking up partially
when the toilet is flushed.
Laxatives
These stimulate the bowels to move. Most work by irritating the colon sufficiently to expel contents in the
colon. Laxatives however do not eliminate anything older than the laxative itself. Once the laxative has
passed through the colon, the bowels will still be as sluggish. Laxatives cannot be used for colon cleansing.
Chronic diarrhoea
Clients will have several bowel movements a day and will not consider themselves to be constipated. The
reason for chronic diarrhoea is the presence of irritation in the colon, which the colon attempts to expel as
soon as it can. Stagnant mucoid will be laden with parasites and harmful bacteria and adheres to the walls
of the colon and cannot be expelled. Colonic treatments are extremely beneficial to these clients.
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Autointoxication
This is the process whereby the body poisons itself by holding onto decaying matter in the colon, which
contains high concentrations of harmful bacteria. The toxins released by the decay process get into the
bloodstream and travel all around the body. Every cell in the body is affected and many forms of sickness
can result.
Putrefaction - this is the cause of autointoxication within the intestinal tract. It is a process of
decay in which foul odours and toxic substances are generated. The amount of putrefaction present
in the body depends upon how long the food undergoing putrefaction has been in the body; also the
efficiency of the digestive processes and upon what kind of food is undergoing putrefaction. The
length of time food stays in the body depends upon two factors - stagnation and transit time.
Stagnation - this is the result of matter becoming lodged in the alimentary tract, thereby not
moving, causing it to putrefy and release toxins for weeks.
The main aim of colonics is to remove the stagnant material from the colon.
THE TRANSIT TIME
This is how long is takes after food is eaten until its residues are expelled through the anus. The shorter
the transit time, the less it will putrefy before being expelled. The average transit time is 65 to 100 hours.
It takes about 8 hours for food to travel through the stomach and small intestines and the remainder of
the transit time is spent in the colon. Longer transit times may be associated with low energy levels, bad
skin, congested blood, decreased immunity and degenerative diseases, including colon cancer. Colonics
can help reduce the transit time down to 24 to 48 hours, provided a nutritional programme is also
followed and there is a healthy ratio of good bacteria in the colon.
Composition of faeces?
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Soluble and all of the insoluble fibre which serves as a cleansing agent for the body
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Indigestible components of proteins and fats that the body is unable to use for any reason
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The agents that one is intolerant of, or allergic to
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Dead stomach cells that are renewed every 4 days
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Cells of the small intestine that are also renewed every 4 days
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Cells of the large intestine that are replaced every 5 to 7 days
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Decommissioned red blood cells that have a life span of 120 days, and are then converted into
bilirubin, which is the main component of bile, which gives the faeces their rusty-brown colour
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Dead bowel flora, parasites and other gut buddies that make their home in the large intestine
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Healthy and Unhealthy Faeces
The size and shape of the stools indicate the transit time through the digestive tract. The colour, shape and
texture can tell you how good your digestion is and alert you to other changes concerning your wellness.
Examples: 
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Eating grains – slightly looser faeces, sausage will break in the middle, leaving a rough edge
Eating lots of leafy green vegetables - dark faeces
Eating beetroot – faeces will be burgundy
Charcoal – faeces will be dark
Iron supplements - stools harder and darker
Stools that are very yeasty –possible dysbiosis
Undigested pieces of food – although sweetcorn, nuts and seeds are harder to fully process
Dark blood or fresh blood in stools
Too much mucus
Variety of colours within stools
Dehydrated stools, despite client drinking copious amounts of water
3 Stages of Bowel Movements
1. Segmentation
2. Peristalsis
3. Mass movements
BOWEL DISORDERS
Anal Itching
Most adults experience anal itching, the soreness around the anus and the irresistible desire to scratch at
some point in their life. Itching is a sign of malfunction in the body, perhaps from wearing clothes that are
too tight; dry skin or too much moisture; sweating or using shower gels that can cause a skin reaction.
Occasionally the causes are found in overusing laxative preparations; antibiotics; psoriasis or eczema.
Itching could also be caused by dysbiosis - excessive yeast production in the bowel, commonly known as
thrush or candida albicans; or from infections; worms or other parasites. Dietary causes can be coffee and
other drinks containing caffeine, nuts, popcorn, tomatoes, chocolates and sometimes fruit.
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Blood in Stools
Fresh blood in the bowels could mean that the stools are too dry and have scratched the bowel wall,
causing it to bleed. Small capillaries line the intestinal wall, so some faecal matter could have been trapped
and the pressure of water caused faecal matter to come away from the wall, at the same time rupturing
small blood vessels. A haemorrhoid can also bleed causing discomfort and pain. If fresh blood continues to
appear in the stools, then referral should be made to their doctor.
Dark blood in the stools means that there could be a haemorrhage higher up – in the small intestine or
stomach. Dark blood could be more serious and definitely needs to be investigated.
Gassy/Smelly Stools
Often gassy, smelly stools are the evidence of lactose intolerance (lactose found primarily in milk). This
means that the body is deficient in rennin and lactase, the enzymes that speeds up the breakdown of
casein and lactose. These stools can also be caused by a bacterial infection or dysbiosis. Sometimes gassy
smelly stools are caused by overloading one type of food, especially high-fibre vegetables, such as onions,
beans or pulses. Gas can also be caused by excessive consumption of fatty animal foods combined with
stomach acid or bile deficiency.
Greasy Stools
If stools are fatty and hard to flush, it means that fats are not being properly broken down – due either to
bile insufficiency or to excessive consumption of fats, especially of animal origin. If your client takes fatblocking tablets, the toilet water will have orange-slick puddles, because they pass the fat straight into the
colon. Whilst soft faeces are evacuated, they also greatly upset the intestinal flora.
Mucus in Stools
Can be caused by agents that the body is intolerant to, and the bowel lining has secreted more mucus to try
to eliminate it. Or a client could be eating a disproportionate amount of proteins and fats, especially of
animal origin, including meat, milk, yoghurts, fromage frais and cheeses. Some people can tolerate dairy
and others struggle. If you regularly consume high amounts of proteins and you don’t find any mucus in
your stools, then your body seems to be coping. However, most people eat fewer proteins and more
unprocessed grains, vegetables and pulses.
The bowel will produce excessive mucus mostly for its own protection, or in order to increase the lubrication
of the bowel wall, and to coat and help eliminate undesirable wastes. It could be caused by dysbiosis,
bacterial infections, and obstructions in the bowel, parasites or haemorrhoids. Blood-containing mucus in
the stools is a good reason to have stools checked professionally.
Pale or Grey Stools
Light-coloured and greyish stools can be indicative of anaemia (shortage of iron in red blood cells),
gallstones or other blockages in the bile duct, as well as bile insufficiency in the body.
Rabbit Droppings
Normally a sign of constipation caused by dehydration. Lack of fibre (bulking agent) plus lack of liquid
(increases weight of waste) creates stools that are small and very compacted. Adrenal exhaustion, of an
emotional blockage or of high levels of suppressed stress and anxiety that increase acidity in the body.
Skid Marks
Skid marks are often present after an alcoholic evening, and leave a slightly burning sensation when
passing soft stools. Alcoholic drinks contain salts, and are often accompanied by meals high in salt,
proteins and fat. This draws excessive amounts of water from outside the bowel wall into the bowel itself,
making stools heavier and reducing the transit time. Shorter transit time may cause malabsorption, often
wasting valuable nutrients. Skid marks combined with sticky, foul-smelling and greasy stools can be a sign
of fat malabsorption in the small intestine, due to poor bile action, or stomach acid deficiency affecting
digestion of proteins in the stomach.
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Straining
Straining is a sign of constipation. If you have less than one bowel movement a day, then you are almost
certainly suffering from constipation. It means that dead stuff is not being eliminated.
Straining means that the stools are too dry or dehydrated to come out on their own. They irritate nerve
endings in the lower bowel enough to create an urge, but there is insufficient moisture and bulk in the stool
to build momentum for an easy evacuation. Appropriate lifestyle advice should help alleviate the problems.
Undigested Food
Coloured pieces of food in stools could mean that food is not being chewed properly, and/or bacterial
colonies living in the gut are not very effective. It could also mean that not enough enzymes in the small
intestine, the stomach or the pancreas are being produced, causing inadequate food assimilation by the
body.
Some foods are much harder to digest than others. Common examples are tomato, potato and apple skins,
seeds or nuts, sweet corn and popcorn. Peeling fruit and vegetables and not eating their skins. Sweetcorn
or popcorn being chewed properly and grinding seeds and nuts before eating should benefit the digestive
system and assist in nutrient absorption and assimilation.
White Chalk-like Stools
White chalk-like stools may result from a combination of factors: low-fibre diet high in fat and processed
foods, anaemia and severe dysbiosis (imbalance of bacteria), often caused by excessive or long-term use
of prescription drugs, appetite suppressants, drugs and laxatives, which grind the colon to a standstill.
IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF BOWEL ELIMINATIONS
Clients may have a history of being unable to
release and will need emotional support to allow
them to release partially or fully, both from the
mind and also the bowel. Some examples are 
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holidays in confined areas, eg caravans
sharing accommodation with strangers
parents’ attitude and training
group visits to public toilets
fear of using school toilets
Advice to clients:
Beneficial relaxation exercises
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Eat food not under stress, as digestive
system shuts down in that state
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Use a toilet privately, where and
when nobody can overhear
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Allow time for bowel movements
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Encourage more hydration of the
bowel by drinking water or other
alkaline beverages
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Use a footstool to tilt the pelvis
backwards and straighten the
rectum and to relax skeletal
muscles of the abdominal cavity
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In many countries, disposable toilet seat covers are provided or can be bought in a pharmacy.
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Reasons for Dehydration
 Insufficient water intake - a minimum of 2 litres a day
 Change in nutritional habits. More processed foods are easily accessible such as pizzas, pastas,
breads or potatoes
 Less time to eat meals, so more bulky food with less hydration
 Chemically enhanced foods, so less chewing is required to unlock the senses. Chewing contributes
to the hydration of foods. Fast chewers are often more dehydrated
 Stress, adrenal fatigue, air conditioning, sedentary jobs and lifestyles, inhaling petrol fumes and
pollution
 Excessive exercise
 Eating animal proteins
 Drinking excessive amounts of alcohol
 Drinking sweet and fizzy drinks instead of water
Bodies are 70% water. As cells in the body need water to create energy, it is important for clients to hydrate
their bodies, so colonic treatments will ensure the bowel receives adequate hydration.
Water re-absorption from the bowel
Fat and stools are not totally dependent upon water. Physical exercise over a period of time allows fat in the
body to release water. The large intestine receives digested wet wastes from the small intestine to convert
them further into stools, absorbing most of the water from the bowel, leaving some water in the faeces for a
smooth evacuation. It means that the body will re-absorb water from the bowel when dehydrated, hence
hard, dried stools are formed. Fibre, which helps bulk up the wastes, retains water in the stools, which stay
hydrated.
Dehydration and colonics
Often a client’s first colonic hydrotherapy has no wastes coming out for the majority of the treatment. The
usual symptoms of the body trying to get rid of wastes are present – cramping; discomfort; the urge to
release – but the wastes are not coming out or coming out randomly.
One reason for this is dehydration. The bowel needs to absorb water before starting to release the wastes
so that they become bulky and wet enough to be evacuated. In a situation of severe dehydration, it is
recommended to have a course of 3 treatments within 10 days, with nutritional and lifestyle advice, plus
supplementation.
The second brain
The intestine works with the nervous system to send signals during hunger, overeating or the need for
elimination. About 95% of serotonin, the neurotransmitter known as the mood regulator, is stored in the gut.
The bowel is known as the second brain or enteric nervous system because it directs the digestive system.
There are many circumstances that cause a breakdown in the nervous system connection between the
bowel and the brain, some of which are:
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Emotional eating
Reluctance to empty the bowels, due to inappropriate timing or locations
Overeating
Insufficient chewing
Dehydration
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Initial Assessment of Anal Area
Ensure client is lying on their left hand side, with legs bent, which helps to straighten out the back passage.
Men generally have tighter anuses, whereas women, especially child-bearing women, generally have looser
anuses. Age tends to create sphincter muscles that are looser.
Digital examinations mean that the anus is lubricated, either with gloved finger or with the speculum.
Lubrication enables you to gauge the client’s sensitivity; check if there are fissures or haemorrhoids or
any other obstacle that might prevent insertion of the speculum. The glove on that hand should always
be thrown away straight after the examination.
Re-insertion
If the speculum is released at any stage of the treatment, re-insertion should take place, as if starting the
treatment from the beginning. Never try to re-insert the speculum without first inserting the obturator back
into the speculum, then re-lubricating the area. Re-connect the water lines and treatment recommences.
Insertion Difficulties
Pain or problems with insertion could result from either a raised vein or an internal haemorrhoid close to the
entry point, which should be observed in the following ways:
a. Lift the external sphincter muscle slightly more, allowing more room for the speculum to
be inserted
b. Use your finger to press down on the external sphincter muscle, rest for a few seconds
to allow the brain the process the message being sent, then slowly insert speculum
Questions for the client
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Have you ever had a colonic before?
Have you been recommended to have a treatment?
Do you have any aims of the treatment?
Why a colonic?
Benefits of the Chi Machine
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Helps to oxygenate every cell of the body
Improves evacuation of wastes
Switches off the nervous system
Encourages relaxation
Re-aligns all the major chakras in the body
Allows the client to “switch off”
Strengthens and tones muscles
Switches on the parasympathetic nervous system
Clients will benefit from resting their ankles onto the Chi Machine for about 5 minutes at the start of the
colonic treatment. Nervous, apprehensive clients will especially find their Nervous System responds very
quickly to the Chi Machine.
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COLONIC TREATMENT
1. Using extra water pipe, run warm water to desired temperature within the green zone
2. Welcome client and discuss the treatment
3. Complete consultation, check contra-indications and discuss any changes since the last visit
4. Ask client to change into the gown and disposable pants, using the toilet before the treatment
5. Place client on the Chi Machine for 5 minutes, then raise height of the couch
6. Ensure all equipment is to hand - ie lubricant; forceps; waste bin; plastic containers and spatulas
7. Put on gloves and remove speculum out of plastic bag
8. Connect hoses to the machine and water pipe onto the speculum
9. Move Chi Machine away from couch
10. Ask client to turn onto their left, and draw knees up
11. Lubricate speculum and let client know you are going to insert it into the anal passage
12. Lubricate anal area with lubricant and insert speculum
13. Remove the obturator and put into plastic bag in beaker
14. Put small amount of lubricant inside the waste pipe and connect it onto the speculum
15. Start water flow gently and watch the pressure and temperature gauges
16. Begin treatment with short fills to gauge reaction and break up any initial gas in the back passage
17. Increase fill duration and, using the callipers, release when the client feels the pressure
18. When faecal matter is released, increase outflow but turn down flow rate when on inflow
19. After approx 5 minutes stop water flow and turn client onto the back, remembering to support the
speculum. However do not roll client onto back if client is still releasing on their side. Never change
anything that is “working”
20. Massage the client’s abdominal area
21. Vary the water inflow from fast to slow; reposition the pipe by adjusting slightly; and complete variety of
techniques to encourage release of waste matter
22. Ask client to roll back onto their left side and finish treatment with 2-3 last fills
23. Stop water flow and allow natural draining before unplugging pipes
24. Use a tissue to hold over the end of speculum, once it has been removed from the client
25. Help client to sit on edge of couch and, when confident client is okay, ask them to go to the toilet and
get changed
26. Disconnect hoses from machine, wipe all surfaces with surgical spirit
27. Advise appropriate aftercare advice, especially taking Probiotics to boost the immune system
28. Clean toilet once the client has left
29. Complete the treatment card for client
Observations during the treatment
As water starts to be introduced into the client, ensure it is introduced gradually on a slower inflow, with no
long fills initially. When callipers are used to break up the gas, ask the client to say NOW or RELEASE
when the pressure has built up sufficiently for the client to release. If the client says NOW quite quickly and
frequently, then it indicates that there is some blockage or gas that is preventing the water to go more fully
into the colon area. Ask the client if they are able to hold the water and pressure for just a little bit longer to
the point of mild discomfort.
It is usual for a client to take a few minutes to become adjusted to the colonic treatment. The client might
ask if they should be holding for longer, to which you can answer yes as long as it is not too uncomfortable.
It is more beneficial to do several short fills rather than long fills if the client has discomfort, and there are
signs of gas.
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IBS Sufferers
These people are far more sensitive to temperature changes, possibly due to a higher number of nerve
endings in the digestive system. These clients are a lot more aware of the changes in their digestive
system. Special attention should be given to ensure that the water temperature is kept as close to the body
temperature (36.80C) as possible, with gentle fills. No hot fills, just tepid warm to cool fills, as the intestinal
area will be irritated, sensitive, raw and angry.
Lifestyle Changes
The treatment gives opportunities to educate the client about a healthy lifestyle; refer clients onto other
therapists for supportive treatments; gives clients a block of time for emotional release and also time for
clients to ask questions.
Massage Routine
Always massage in the direction of the bowel, which is often beneficial to clients for dispersing any trapped
gas. A portable massager with infra-red and vibrational head are very beneficial, activating the enteric
nervous system, and can often be much more effective than strong manual massage in the abdominal area,
promoting better elimination. The infra-red heat has the effect of calming and relaxing the client.
Water temperature
An important aspect during the treatment is the control and changes of water temperature.
Cooler temperature will mobilise and contract the bowel
Warmer temperature will relax the bowel
The process of alternating cooler and warmer temperatures will normally achieve a significantly deeper
release than otherwise. Caution – IBS clients do not respond to changes of temperature unless the
changes are significant, but caution about raising the temperature too much above body temperature.
Working with the whole person – Holistic Approach
During the treatment observe the body language of the person:
 Are they breathing sufficiently or holding their breath
 Watch the clients’ facial expressions
 Observe whether they are flexing or clenching their toes or fists, which would mean that the client
is in discomfort
 Is the client getting fidgety and moving arms in agitated way
 Is client having a hot flush, or alternatively suddenly has a cold shiver
Many organs do not give out warning signs when under stress - ie the liver, kidneys or brain. However the
heart, stomach, bowels and bladder react when in an emotional turmoil. The heart beats furiously; stomach
makes people feel sick or nauseous; bowels cause us to rush to toilets; and bladder causes more frequent
trips to expel urine.
Feeling nauseous can be a sign of the body eliminating excess toxins.
All activity in the body requires energy. Stagnation results in a decline in energy. The solar plexus, which
is a collection of nerves behind the stomach wall, is an area where tension and stress is held. If the colon
loses its ability to have a regular and peristaltic flow, then over a period of time nerve signals stop
functioning and large deposits of waste line the muscular wall of the colon, gradually invading the many
pockets and convolutions. This waste paralyses the ileo-caecal valve, backs up the small intestine and a
toxic condition is reabsorbed into the bloodstream. Almost every chronic disease is directly or indirectly due
to the influence of bacterial poisons absorbed from the intestines. These poisons gravitate to weakened
spots in the body - perhaps a genetic weakness; accident resulting in injury to an organ or structure;
patterns of childhood illness such as allergies, asthma, or stomach upsets.
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Toilet Break
Clients will release faecal matter at different stages in treatments.
 If it is a first treatment it could possibly be more about hydration of the colon. If client experiences
continual discomfort, yet nothing is being released, then it would be beneficial for a toilet break.
Switch off water, remove the speculum and ask client to release on the toilet. Sometimes faecal
matter is too big to come down the waste pipe and may have got lodged near the entrance,
therefore blocking water going into the intestinal area
 If client has a toilet break quite soon into the treatment, then ask client if they would like to carry on
with the treatment, and re-insert the speculum
 If client has already had majority of the treatment, perhaps 30 minutes or more of water hydration,
then it is probably best to finish the treatment, and book another treatment quite soon after
 Always ask the client what their preferences are. Never re-insert if the client feels they have had
sufficient, as this will not achieve anything
 Visual observation of the client gives time to ask questions, as sometimes client hold onto their
discomfort. Establish whether client’s level of discomfort is bearable, continuous or occasional.
 Explain to the client that it frequently happens that clients need a toilet break due to the size of
faecal matter needing to be released
Release Techniques
A variety of techniques are used to encourage release of faecal matter and gas, plus optimum hydration
of the bowel. Most people will have some problem with either gas, bloating, constipation or diarrhoea,
hence their need for a colonic treatment.
Soaking technique is excellent for those clients with atonic constipation and no discomfort related to
bloating or gas at any stage of the treatment, as their bowel is reacting mechanically rather than using
any peristaltic movement.
You can only use this technique when the client is lying on their back. Make a towel roll and slide it under
the waste line to raise it by a few inches. Reduce the flow considerably and let the water sit in the waste
line to help soak up the wastes, at the same time massaging the client’s abdominal area.
Burping the waste line is beneficial if the client has a lot of gas as this will break it down causing it to be
released. Use callipers to quickly hold and release several times.
Teasing is used when large faecal matter does not fit into the speculum, causing discomfort. Hold
the waste line close to the speculum and move it up and down, also circling round, as if you were
“teasing” the bowel. This helps engage the bowel muscles and the nerve endings, helping contractile
activity and breaking up any stubborn matter releasing it into the waste line.
When to close the treatment
After observing release of faecel matter and then a caecum flush results well into the treatment, it means
that water has reached as far as the ileo-caecal valve and gone round the whole of the large intestine. Do a
couple more long fills and possible massage before drawing treatment to a close.
If client is experiencing discomfort, and has been doing so for some time, then a toilet break may be
necessary. If the treatment has been less than 30 minutes, then give the client the option of continuing the
treatment after the toilet break. If longer than 30 minutes, then the client will have received sufficient
hydration and the treatment should not be continued.
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Requirements for Colonics Business
Basic requirements for opening a colonics business are as follows:  Recognised training qualifications
 Public liability insurance
 Products liability insurance
 Employers’ liability insurance if employing any staff
 Professional indemnity insurance
 Premises with preferably en-suite toilet facilities
 Appropriate equipment, plus boiler capacity for continual colonics
 Supply of consumables and disposables
 Supply of supplements and other supportive products
 Paperwork of factsheets, consultation sheets, aftercare advice, nutritional support
Training and insurable qualifications:
The minimum requirements for becoming a colonic hydrotherapist are:
 40 hours of supervised colonic hydrotherapy training
 40 hours of prerequisite requirements (Anatomy & Physiology or Diet & Nutrition)
 10 colonic hydrotherapy treatments
 Accredited Prior Learning taken into account for individuals
 Completion of Pre-Study materials before the course
 Being involved in either giving or observing a minimum of twenty colonic hydrotherapy treatments
performed during the training
 Satisfactory completion of written and practical examinations
Purchasing equipment

Initial budget

Plumbing requirements

Purchase of colonic equipment - prices range from a few hundred pounds to set up with a gravity
system, to several thousand for a modern colonic hydrotherapy machine

Cost of disposables and consumables

Maintenance of the equipment

Reputable plumber and engineer to fix and service the equipment

Available working space

Purchase of electric couch, rather than portable one
Gloves
A supply of disposable gloves will always need to be on hand. Only order a box of each time to start with,
until you establish what gloves you prefer to use. They range from vinyl to latex, both powdered and
unpowdered, some with aloe-vera, some white, blue or green.
Record-keeping
Therapists have a legal requirement to keep all details of clients confidential and filed in a locked cabinet.
Write any aftercare advice and points of reference straight after the treatment, ie reactions during the
treatment; supplements given; any emotional release. Remember clients can ask to see their records at
any time, so only note professional comments.
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Supportive Treatments
Clients interested in receiving colonic treatments may also be interested in massage; reflexology; body
wraps; fat burning treatments such as iLIPO; universal slimming contour wraps; lymphatic drainage;
separate nutritional consultations.
Body Wraps, such as mud or seaweed wraps, engage skin which is the largest organ of the body. They
nourish and detoxify the skin and internal organs by combining heat, hydration and active agents in the
body wraps, which has a calming and relaxing effect on the central nervous system. Relaxing the central
nervous system means that while the brain and the spinal cord are relaxed rather than engaged, the
digestive system can make better use of the blood and oxygen during the colonic treatment. Performing
body wraps after the colonic promotes general body detoxification and speedier recovery.
iLIPO is a treatment using a laser machine. Pads are placed on the body on appropriate places where fat
needs to be reduced. The laser penetrates through to the fat cells, bursts them and the fat needs to be
released through exercise, which stimulates the lymphatic system.
Lymphatic Drainage enhances the detoxification effect of colonic hydrotherapy by speeding up removal
of toxins from the system, especially if carried out both before the colonic treatment, to promote more
thorough cleansing, and after the colonic treatment, to promote speedier recovery.
Massage, especially incorporating lymphatic drainage, is very beneficial before and after colonic
treatments. Massage movements can be used on the abdomen to encourage any trapped gas to be
released.
Reflexology can assist elimination, by working on appropriate reflex areas on the hands and/or feet. The
web between the thumb and forefinger can be pressed to encourage the colon to release.
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DIET AND NUTRITION
Diet = what we eat
Nutrition = what the cells and tissues receive
There are 3 types of food that are eaten:1. bioacidic - foods that deplete energy levels
2. biostatic - neutral foods
3. biogenic - those that improve energy levels
Each cell performs many tasks such as respiration, growth and repair - taking in oxygen and glucose and
excreting acidic metabolic wastes. The body needs to neutralize and detoxify these acids before they travel
round the body as poisons.
Eating natural, organic foods that form an alkaline residue in the body help to neutralise and detoxify the
acidic wastes. An acid-forming food contributes hydrogen ions to the body, making it more acidic. An
alkalising food removes hydrogen ions from the body, making it more alkaline.
Acid forming foods are proteins (meat and fish), concentrated carbohydrates (grains, potatoes, rice) and
highly refined foods (junk food and sugar). Acid foods have a contracting, constipating effect on the body.
If a diet is high in acid forming foods, the mineral reserves become depleted as they are used to buffer the
excess acids, then begins to take electrolytes from various organs and systems of the body to maintain the
pH level. Blood and tissue alkalinity is maintained by abstracting calcium salts from bones and teeth and by
abstracting potassium from muscles. This results in weakened bones and teeth, and causes muscles to
become acid contracted.
Alkaline forming foods are most vegetables and fruit; honey; almonds; quinoa and herbal drinks. The
alkaline residue in the body is its store of alkaline forming minerals of potassium, calcium, magnesium and
naturally occurring sodium. These are vital to the metabolic functions of our body systems. When there is a
reserve of these minerals, the buffering process (cushioning and removing of unwanted acids from
systems) is not a problem as there is a ready store. Alkaline foods have a relaxing, expanding, laxative
effect on the body.
A diet rich in alkaline forming foods is more nutritious, keeps the excretory systems in good order and
maintains blood sugar levels, plus providing the optimum pH of tissue fluids for the body to function well.
Indigestion creates rancidity, fermentation, putrefaction and sourness. It will happen due to poor eating
habits, no matter how good are the dietary choices. Over-eating has an acidifying effect - due to food
indigestion and spoilage. Inadequate rest, inadequate water intake, anger, poor attitude, and overall stress
are acidifying.
Alkalizing foods – 75% of diet
Acidifying foods – 25% of diet
Burning Fat
Oxygen burns fat. If clients cannot hold a conversation whilst exercising then they are not burning fat. In
order to burn fat Vitamin E is needed. Anti-oxidants need to be increased as the breakdown of adipose
tissue causes free radical release - as does exercise as well. 1KG Muscle = 90 KCal.
Smoking
One cigarette represents 25mg Vitamin C used.
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Food intolerances & Food Allergies
Not all food that is eaten is beneficial. Food is also coated in fertilisers, pesticides, additives, bacteria,
chemicals and preservatives.
Many foods cause reactions in the body, ie itching, sweating, thirst, digestive disorders. Some of these
foods are gluten; wheat; oats; cows’ milk; dairy produce; coffee; shellfish, therefore the body tries to
eliminate those offending substances through the bowel (designed for storage and elimination of wastes).
When we try to eliminate excessive amounts of toxins through the skin, the skin erupts. Elimination through
the lungs gives us bad breath and acid reflux.
Vitamins
Bind messages between cells. Vitamin deficiency can result in glaucoma; fatigue; immune deficiency.
Minerals
Transfer energy - for example iron in cells; or chromium to balance sugar levels.
Essential Fatty Acids
Cell membranes need good fats. EFA deficiency represents nerve damage; chronic inflammation; pain and
immune deficiency. Cells without healthy membranes lose their ability to hold water and vital ingredients;
lose communication with other cells and will represent more inflammation.
Carbohydrates storage as Glycogen
The simplest form of carbohydrates is glucose. Glucose cannot be stored as glucose, but can only be
stored as glycogen, or used instead as energy. The liver stores 100g glycogen which represents 400
KCals. The muscles store 275g glycogen, representing 1100 KCals.
Glycogen = 1 part carbohydrates + 3 parts water (H2O)
Functions and Repair of Cells
Every hour millions of cells replace others that have died.
 Skin replaces every 28 days
 Skeletal system replaces every 5 years
 Gut epithelial cells replace every 4 days
 Intestinal cells replace every 3-6 days
 Every cell experiences 10,000 free radical attacks every hour
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Glossary
Absorption – Absorption is the second stage of digestion, after ingestion. Absorption means that food,
already broken down into nutrients, is able to cross the barrier between the sealed digestive system and the
blood stream and the lymphatic vessels. In order to be absorbed properly, nutrients need to be in a form that is
recognizable to human cells
Acidophilus – “Friendly” bacteria ensuring fermentation of insoluble fibre in the large intestine. Survives in a
slightly acidic environment of the caecum and the large intestine in general
Assimilation – Follows absorption, when nutrients enter human cells and turn into components to be used
Autointoxication – Re-absorption of gut toxins back into the bloodstream, also known as Leaky Gut Syndrome
Bowel – The large intestine or Colon
Candida – Yeast-like fungus that is naturally present everywhere. Candida albicans, the best-known version of
Candida, is a form of gut dysbiosis (imbalance of gut bacteria), an excessive fermentation of sugars that can be
caused by dietary imbalances, malnutrition, low emotional and immune states
Colon – Another name for the large intestine or bowel
Digestion – The process by which food is dissolved and broken down so that it can be absorbed by the cells of
an organism and used to maintain the vital bodily functions. It is a general term used to describe the whole
process of digesting
Dysbiosis – An imbalance of micro-organisms in the digestive tract. Virtually every digestive disease has
dysbiosis as its underlying cause. Dysbiosis can cause intolerances, Candida infections, indigestion and
bloating, discomfort, headaches and other digestive health complaints
Elimination – The final stage of digestion. Removal of wastes and non-nutrients that are incompatible with our
living cells and therefore cannot be assimilated and used by the body
Enema – A device used to introduce water through the anal opening into the rectum and descending colon to
clear out the waste from these areas. The enema clears only a small section of the large intestine, whereas the
colonic hydrotherapy treatment can clear most of it
Enteric Nervous System – Located in the intestines, the ‘brain’ that the gut uses to run the whole digestive
process
Fermentation – Chemical conversion of carbohydrates and fibre into simpler compounds by the action of
enzymes, which are produced by micro-organisms such as yeasts and bacteria residing in the large intestine).
See also Putrefaction
Gut – The large and small intestine, or the bowel
Gut bacteria – Organisms that live in the large intestine, and to a lesser extent in the small intestine. Their main
functions are to process wastes and to help the elimination process. Gut bacteria can be divided into several
groups:
Pathogenic – Pathogenic bacteria inhibit eliminative function, and cause dysbiosis
Probiotic – Probiotic bacteria actively support the eliminative function
Symbiotic – Symbiotic bacteria help some aspects of the eliminative function
Gut permeability – A condition characterised by absorption of undesirable contents of the intestines
into the bloodstream, caused by weakening of the bowel wall. When large molecules are absorbed, the
body treats them as toxic, triggering immune reactions including food allergies and intolerances.
Excessive uptake of toxic compounds can overwhelm the livers detoxification systems as well as lead
to an overly sensitive immune system, causing malabsorption. Also see Leaky Gut
Ingestion – Taking food into the mouth, to initiate digestion
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Intestinal flora – Gut bacteria
Large Intestine – The part where elimination and some assimilation take place. Other names for the large
intestine are the colon, the large bowel and the gut
Leaky Gut Syndrome – A combination of symptoms that can include bloating, indigestion, abdominal pain,
constipation, diarrhoea and other digestive complaints caused by increased gut permeability. This means that
the seal between the bowel and the rest of the body is breached, which enables toxins to penetrate the gut wall
and get reabsorbed into the bloodstream. Leaky gut or gut permeability has a negative effect on all other organs
and systems of the body
Malabsorption – Occurs when the body is unable to break down food into nutrients that can be assimilated by
cells. It can be caused, among other factors, by malnutrition, shortage of stomach acid, insufficient activity of
digestive enzymes or the presence of toxins in the body
Parasite – Organisms that live inside the host, use the host and negatively affect the hosts’ function. Humans
suffer mostly from single-cell parasites (microparasites) and worms. Parasites mainly live in the digestive tract,
but sometimes they can also invade muscles or connective tissue
Putrefaction – Decomposition, decay of proteins and fat matter in the gut, which has a negative impact on
health, such as constipation, diarrhoea and bloatedness. See also Fermentation
Serotonin – The neurotransmitter that determines, to a very large extent, not only moods, but also the quality of
digestion. 95% of serotonin that exists in our body and brain is produced and stored in the large intestine
Small Intestine – A section of the intestines where absorption and assimilation take place. Small intestine
consists of the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
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