Download STUDY GUIDE SECTION 10-1 Discovery of DNA

STUDY GUIDE SECTION 10-1
Discovery of DNA
Name _____________________
Period __________
Date ____________
Multiple Choice-Write the correct letter in the blank.
1. ______ The virulent strain of the bacterium S. pneumoniae causes disease because it
a. has a capsule.
c. undergoes transformation.
b. lacks a capsule.
d. does not undergo transformation.
2. ______Oswald Avery and his colleagues showed that the transforming agent in Griffith’s
experiment was
a. RNA.
b. protein.
c. DNA.
d. an enzyme.
3. ______ Hershey’s and Chase’s experiment led to the conclusion that
a. protein is the hereditary molecule in viruses.
b. DNA is responsible for transformation in bacteria.
c. hereditary material can pass from cell to cell.
d. DNA is the hereditary molecule in viruses.
4. ______Hershey and Chase used what organisms in their experiments?
a. E. coli
b. S. pneumoniae
c. S. aureus
d. B. transformis
Short Answer-Answer the following questions in complete sentences.
1. What was the purpose of Griffith’s experiment in which he injected a mouse with live R
cells? ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. What was the purpose of Griffith’s experiment in which he injected a mouse with live S
cells?___________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. What was the purpose of Griffith’s experiment in which he injected a mouse with heatkilled S cells? ____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. What was the purpose of Griffith’s experiment in which he injected a mouse with a
mixture of heat-killed S cells and live R cells? __________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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5. Define transformation:_____________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
6. What might Hershey and Chase have concluded if they had found both 32P and 35S in the
bacterial cells? ___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
7. Describe the process and results for Oswald Avery’s experiments to determine the
transforming agent in bacteria.
A. Proteins-_____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
B. RNA- _______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
C. DNA- _______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS In the space provided, write the number of the
experiment that resulted in the following conclusion.
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STUDY GUIDE SECTION 10-2
DNA Structure
Multiple Choice-Write the correct letter in the blank.
1. ______ The primary function of DNA in cells is to
a. serve as a storage form for unused nucleotides.
b. occupy space in the nucleus to keep the nucleus from collapsing.
c. store information that tells the cells which proteins to make.
d. serve as a template for making long, spiral carbohydrates.
2. ______The two strands of DNA molecules are held together by
a. ionic bonds
b. covalent bonds
c. peptide bonds
d. hydrogen bonds.
3. ______ According to the base-pairing rules (Chargaff’s rules), guanine binds with
a. cytosine
b. adenine
c. thymine
g. guanine
4. ______ Which of the following is not a correct structure of a nucleotide?
a. adenine-deoxyribose-phosphate
c. cytosine-deoxyribose-phosphate
b. adenine-phosphate-deoxyribose
d. guanine-deoxyribose-phosphate
5. ______ The percentage of adenine in DNA is
a. equal to the percentage of cytosine.
b. equal to the percentage of thymine.
c. not related to the percentage of thymine.
d. equal to the percentage of guanine.
Short Answer-Answer the following questions in complete sentences.
1. What are the three parts of a DNA nucleotides, and how are they connected? __________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. If 15% of the nucleotides in a DNA molecule contain guanine, what percentage of the
nucleotides contain each of the other three bases? Explain your reasoning. ____________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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3. Explain the structure, and provide two examples.
A. Purines-______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
B. Pyrimidines- __________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. What piece of information did Franklin and Wilkins contribute, that helped Watson and
Crick determine the double helix structure of DNA? _____________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5. Explain Chargaff’s contribution to the discovery of the structure of DNA. ____________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
6. Use the base pairing rules (Chargaff’s rules) to determine the base sequence that is
complementary to the sequence C-G-A-T-T-G . _______________________________
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS Label each part of the figure in the spaces provided.
The diagram below shows two nucleotide base pairs in a segment of a DNA molecule.
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STUDY GUIDE SECTION 10-3
DNA Replication
Multiple Choice-Write the correct letter in the blank.
1. ______ Replication of the two DNA strands takes place
a. in two different directions.
b. in the same direction of the replication fork.
c. in a direction opposite to that of the replication fork.
d. at right angles to the direction of the replication fork.
2. _____In replication in prokaryotes,
a. there are two origins.
b. two replication forks move in opposite directions.
c. replication proceeds in one direction.
d. here are no replication forks.
3. ______A mutation is a
a. change in the direction of a replication fork.
b. form of cancer.
c. kind of DNA replication.
d. change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.
4. ______Which of the following enzymes is involves with breaking hydrogen bonds?
a. DNA polymerase
c. DNA helicase
b. DNA ligase
d. both a and b.
Short Answer-Answer the following questions in complete sentences.
1. Describe the role of helicases and DNA polymerases during DNA replication:
A. Helicases- _________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
B. Polymerases-_______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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2. How does replication occur so quickly in eukaryotes? _________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Why is it important that exact copies of DNA are produced during replication? _____
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Explain how replication errors are corrected. ________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
5. How is DNA replication related to cancer? __________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
6. Why is it advantageous to have weak hydrogen bonds between complementary bases
and strong covalent bonds between phosphate and deoxyribose groups in a DNA
molecule? ____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS The figure below shows DNA replicating. In
the space provided, describe what is occurring at each lettered section of the
figure.
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STUDY GUIDE SECTION 10-4
Protein Synthesis
Multiple Choice-Write the correct letter in the blank.
1. ______A protein is a polymer consisting of a specific sequence of
a. amino acids
c. RNA nucleotides
b. fatty acids
d. DNA nucleotides
2. ______The genetic code specifies the correlation between
a. a DNA-nucleotide sequence and an RNA-nucleotide sequence.
b. an mRNA-nucleotide sequence and a tRNA-nucleotide sequence.
c. an mRNA-nucleotide sequence and an rRNA-nucleotide sequence.
d. an RNA-nucleotide sequence and an amino-acid sequence.
3. ______During translation, one end of the tRNA molecule pairs with a complementary
a. nucleotide sequence in DNA.
c. tRNA molecule.
b. mRNA codon
d. protein molecule.
4. ______In eukaryotic cells, RNA is copied from DNA in the
a. ribosomes
b. nucleus
c. nuclear membrane
d. cytosol.
5. ______Two amino acids are linked by a peptide bond when
a. two ribosomes attach simultaneously to the same mRNA transcript.
b. two tRNAs pair with neighboring codons on an mRNA transcript.
c. two codons on an mRNA transcript bind to each other.
d. a ribosome attaches to two codons on an mRNA transcript.
Short Answer-Answer the following questions in complete sentences.
1. Compare the roles of the three different kinds of RNA during translation.
A. mRNA- ______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
B. tRNA- _______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
C. rRNA- ______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
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2. List, in order, the tRNA anticodons that are complementary to mRNA sequence
AUGCAUGCAAGUUAC
A.______________________________________________________.
B. How many amino acids will be in the polypeptide that initially formed when this
mRNA sequence is translated? _________________________________________.
C. Use the chart on page 207. What amino acids would be formed by the above mRNA
sequence? _______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. Explain why methionine is the first amino acid in every growing polypeptide. _________
________________________________________________________________________
4. Describe three ways that RNA differs from DNA.
A. _____________________________________________________________________
B. _____________________________________________________________________
C. _____________________________________________________________________
5. Use the chart on page 207. What amino acids would translation of this mRNA sequence
produce? CAAUAAGGAGCA
_____________________________________________________________
6. How would the deletion of one nucleotide in the middle of an mRNA transcript affect the
polypeptide specified by that transcript? _______________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS Label each part of the figure in the spaces
provided. The diagram summarizes the events that occur during translation.
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