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Transcript
Cells Part 1: Characteristics of Living Things Introduction Living or Non-living? How do you know? What characteristics does it have that makes you think that way? Living? What makes something living? All living things have things in common. For something to be considered living, it must have each of these four characteristics. Characteristic 1 Living things grow. Living things consume materials used to build new structures or to replace damaged parts. Characteristic 2 Living things reproduce. Most living things make copies similar to themselves. One-celled organisms make exact copies of themselves by binary fission. Characteristic 3 Living things respond to their environment. Living things respond to light, temperature, food, etc. The ability to change makes living things able to survive. Characteristic 4 Living things are organized. The cell is the basic unit of organization in living things. One-celled organisms contain all the structures needed to survive. Any Questions? Cells Part 2: Cell Organelles Cell Theory The Cell Theory explains the importance of cells. The Cell Theory All living things are made of cells. Cells are the smallest thing that carry out all the functions of life. All cells come from` pre-existing cells. Cell Size Types of Cells There are 2 major types of cells. Animal Cells Plant Cells Cell Organelles Organelle means “little organ”. Organelles are tiny structures inside cells that carry out specific duties. Each of your organs performs a certain job for your body, and each organelle performs a certain job for the cell! Animal Cell Cell Membrane The outer layer of the cell. The cell membrane forms a thin, protective covering around the cell. It also controls what comes in and goes out of the cell. Cytoplasm The liquid inside the cell. The liquid inside cells which contains the organelles and all other cell materials It is mainly water, but contains food, proteins and other chemicals. Nucleus The brain of the cell! It holds information that a cell needs to function and to reproduce. The information is in the form of DNA: the blueprint for all cells. Endoplasmic Reticulum The roadways inside a cell! The “ER” is a series of passageways used to transport things inside the cell. It is similar to the network of pipes inside your home! Golgi Apparatus The post office of the cell! The Golgi takes materials from the ER and packages it to be sent around the cell. The Golgi body creates vacuoles and puts materials inside them. Vacuoles The storage cupboards of the cell. Vacuoles are empty sacs that contain water, food, wastes and other materials. Vacuoles store things until they are needed or are removed. Lysosomes The trash compactors of the cell. Lysosomes contain chemicals called enzymes that break down wastes. Lysosomes are used to get rid of wastes made by the cell. Mitochondria The powerhouse of the cell. Mitochondria break down sugar using oxygen to produce energy for the cell. The more active a cell is, the more mitochondria it has. Ribosomes The builders of the cell! Ribosomes are tiny structures that produce new proteins for the cell. Ribosomes are found on the ER and within the cytoplasm. Plant Cell Cell Wall The protective wall around the cell. The cell wall is a tough coating found just outside the cell membrane. The cell wall supports the cell and makes it rigid. Central Vacuole A large vacuole inside the cell. The central vacuole holds mainly water and is used to help keep the cell rigid. The vacuole is like an over-filled water balloon - it is hard! Chloroplasts The food factory inside the cell. Chloroplasts use energy from the sun to make sugar for the mitochondria. Chloroplasts contain a green chemical called chlorophyll. Animal Cell vs. Plant Cell Animal Cells Plant Cells No cell wall Has a cell wall No chloroplasts Many chloroplasts Small vacuoles One central vacuole Flexible shape Strong and rigid Any Questions? Cells Part 3: Specialized Cells Introduction Plants and animals have many cells. In larger organisms, cells are often very different looking from each other. This is because some cells are specially designed to perform a specific job. Introduction Plants and animals have many cells. In larger organisms, cells are often very different looking from each other. This is similar to a toolbox: each tool is specially shaped to do a specific function. This cells are called specialized cells. Red Blood Cells Main Function: To transport oxygen around the body to all of our cells. Structure: • A flexible shape • No nucleus Animals White Blood Cells Animals Main Function: To protect the body from invaders. (bacteria, viruses) Structure: • Different types • Some can grab! Muscle Cells Main Function: To move the body by contracting and relaxing. Structure: • Long, thin, & strong • Lots of mitochondria Animals Nerve Cells Animals Main Function: To carry messages around the body. Structure: • Long and thin with many branches to connect to others! Skin Cells Main Function: To form a tough outer layer around the body. Structure: • Thin and strong • Overlap each other Animals Lung Cells Animals Main Function: Filter out dust and bad chemicals from our lungs. Structure: • Have sticky cilia to trap small particles Eye Cells Main Function: To detect color and to detect light and dark Structure: • Cones see colors (R, G, B) and rods detect brightness Animals Egg Cells Animals Main Function: To grow and develop into a larger organism. Structure: • A huge cell! • Lots of food stores Leaf Cells Main Function: To absorb sunlight to make food for the plant. Structure: • At top of the leaf • Lots of chloroplasts Plants Guard Cells Plants Main Function: To open and close holes at the bottom of leaves. Structure: • Sausage shaped • Can shrink & swell Pollen Cells Main Function: To pollinate another flower far away. Structure: • Light and sticky • Carried easily Plants Unicellular Organisms Unicellular organisms are made of only 1 cell. These organisms still perform all of the necessary life functions, including: Eating food Making energy Removing waste Moving around Growing Reproducing Bacteria Description: Unicellular creatures that lives everywhere on our planet! Features: • 3 shapes: rod, sphere & spiral • No nucleus Unicellular Paramecium Unicellular Description: A fast moving unicellular organism found in pond water. Features: • Tiny hairs called cilia that it uses to move around Amoeba Description: A unicellular creature that lives in ponds, streams and rivers. Features: • Has flexible arms called pseudopods to grab its food Unicellular Euglena Unicellular Description: A unicellular organism found in pond water. Features: • An animal that has chloroplasts! • Has a flagellum Volvox Description: A unicellular plant that lives in lakes and oceans. Features: • Has chloroplasts • Combine together to form colonies Unicellular Any Questions?