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Behaviorism and Cognitivism Isabel Garcia EDTC 3320 March 11, 2012 Introduction Over the years , people change their style of learning. However, the two most major psychological perspectives that are commonly known when it comes to learning are Behaviorism and Cognitivism. These two perspectives have provided a huge role on how people learn, not only in the 20th century but now in the 21th century as well. Behaviorism Behaviorism is a theory of learning that is based on the assumptions of the external behavior. It was the most dominate theory is history for several years. Psychology, behavior was the only way of study about people’s learning styles or approaches. In other words, the way you acted or behaved would be the way you learned. There were two models used for observations of behavior, Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning. The Classical Conditioning was developed by a Russian scientist Ivan Pavlov. It was the first type of learning where an individual could respond to a learning motivation. The Operant Condition dealt with reinforces. If there was some kind of reward or incentive the individual would be more successful in the learning than no reward at all. Cognitivism Cognitivism is the opposite of Behaviorism. Several years after the Behaviorism perspective, the Cognitivism theory became the dominate prototype around the 1960”s. Cognitivism was said to focus on the inner mental activities, for it was crucial to understand how people learn. Cognitivism deals with the mental process of thinking, memory, knowing, and problem solving. Cognitivism is also based on the reflection process behind behavior. The transformations in behavior are examined with the only thought of what’s really going on inside an individual's mind. Cognitivists have usually used the metaphor of a computer to describe our minds, being that our minds are highly complex. Information goes in and we process it and make sure we understand it. Impact of Behaviorism Behaviorism has its impact on learning. Being that people have different types of learning, there are positive and negative ways for that. For example, the classical conditioning model (Pavlov, 1927) and operant conditioning (Skinner, 1978). Classical Conditioning Model: This model worked with two motivations that were presented in close sequence repeatedly, until the response given to one becomes associated with the other. Operant Conditioning: This conditioning works with rewards. If given rewards to a person for their learning, their learning will have a better impact than with no reward. Cont…. The Operant Conditioning impacts teaching positively. For example, when teaching a material/subject your goal is the get the information through and have it learned. You have to be positive in all aspects and reinforce those learners that are having difficulty with maybe rewards in order to keep them interested in the learning. Over all the idea is that behaviors that are positively reinforced with tend to continue compare to those that are negative will eventually end. Classical Conditioning Model also impacts teaching in a different point of view. There are so many distinctive activities that can be incorporated in the lessons. This conditioning is an impulsive learning in which an incentive is used to obtain a response that was originally set by another motivation . Impact of Cognitivism Cognitivism also has a positive impact on learning. There are my different variables that persuade and at the same time contribute to learning for a beneficial outcome. •Being that this presumption can be applied to all learning styles. Students have different types of learning and as well as their developmental levels. •Therefore, it is crucial to know the learner styles of every individual before assigning any material because knowledge is learning. Cont…. •The best effect would be to create a learning setting that is positive and that would encourage all types of learners to do their best and make learning interesting. By doing so the learners will have a better understanding and will be able to obtain a mental picture if needed. Evaluation for Behaviorism At Texas State Technical College (TSTC), Behaviorism is not an option. Being that the Operant conditioning is not used at all. There is no reward from the instructor for doing what you are suppose to do. The only reward there is would be your grade. You are expected to produced what you have learned and gained without any kinds of incentive. However, there are other ways for Operant Conditioning. For example by attending class when scheduled, (seeing that as a behavior)will let the instructor know that you are willing to gain and access the knowledge given to you. Evaluation for Cognitivism Cognitivism is more applicable at TSTC. Cognitivism is probably the main theory used at TSTC and even everywhere else. It deals with thinking, problem solving, and memorizing. Once the instructor lectures about the lesson for the day you are in charge of memorizing the information. There might even be some problem solving that will be needed. The way people think is very important being that it the way they understand something. While at TSTC, the instructors give the material and you are to retain the information/knowledge for further use. Classical Conditioning Model Charts Operant Conditioning Conclusion Behaviorism and Cognitivism are both observed as the nature of knowledge. The main aspect still remains the same for both, being that the communication of knowledge is the most efficient and effective ever. Without one the other would have not existed. Scientists will still continue to explore different options of how individuals learn. References Brown, A., & Green, T. (2006). The essentials of instructional design. (pp. 3651). Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, Inc. Cherry, K. (2012). What is behaviorism?. Retrieved from http://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/f/behaviorism.htm Learning Theories Knowledgebase (2012, March). Behaviorism at LearningTheories.com. Retrieved March 12th, 2012 from http://www.learningtheories.com/behaviorism.html Learning Theories Knowledgebase (2012, March). Cognitivism at LearningTheories.com. Retrieved March 12th, 2012 from http://www.learningtheories.com/cognitivism.html