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Review sheet for test B5 – B8 DNA review 1. What bonds hold complementary bases between 2 strands of DNA together? 2. What bonds exist between sugars and phosphates? 3. Describe how DNA is like a ladder. 4. Explain the 3 steps of DNA replication. 5. Why is DNA replication termed “semi-conservative”? 6. What role does DNA polymerase play in DNA replication? 7. Define recombinant DNA. 8. What is a transgenic organism? 9. What are 3 uses for recombinant DNA? 10. Explain how gene therapy is used to help those with genetic diseases. What are some problems? Protein Synthesis review 11. Describe the process by which mRNA is formed for protein synthesis 12. What is the process called? 13. What enzyme is responsible for unzipping DNA for mRNA to be assembled off of it? 14. What is the process by which a protein forms at a ribosome called? 15. What is the function of the following in protein synthesis? a) DNA b) mRNA c) tRNA d) rRNA 16. Where are the following usually found in cells? a) mRNA b) tRNA c) rRNA 17. What is a polyribosome and what is its function? 18. Give one role of each of the following in the process of translation a) Ribosome b) tRNA c) mRNA 19. Describe the difference between a codon and an anticodon 20. Describe anticodon to codon complementary base pairing. 21. What bonds form between amino acids? 22. What mRNA sequence signals the end of an amino acid sequence? 23. If this is the strand of DNA ….complete the rest: DNA: TAA CGC AAG CCC TGG GAC mRNA: tRNA: AA’s: 24. Give one example of an environmental mutagen and explain how it could cause a change in the production of mRNA in a cell 25. What is the anticodon for tryptophan. 26. Describe one way in which each of the following pairs of molecules are functionally related in the process of protein synthesis. a) DNA and mRNA: b) mRNA and tRNA c) tRNA and amino acids: d) Protein and rRNA 27. What is the purpose of transcription during protein synthesis? 28. What occurs during translation? 29. In an experiment conducted to study protein synthesis, radioactive thymine and radioactive uracil were added to a culture of human cells. A few hours later, the culture was analyzed and radioactive mRNA was found. a) Explain how an mRNA molecule is produced b) Explain why the mRNA produced is radioactive c) In a different experiment, radioactive uracil was added to a culture of human cell undergoing DNA replication. What will be the characteristic of the resulting DNA in terms of radioactivity? Explain 30. Name the process shown above and explain how the molecule that is produced is used to determine the sequence of amino acids in a protein. 31. A segment of hemoglobin has the following sequence of amino acids: Leucine-threonine-proline-glutamate-glutamate The same segment of hemoglobin found in people who have sickle-cell anemia has the following sequence: Leucine-threonine-proline-valine-glutamate Using the codon chart in your text, explain how DNA is different in people with sickle-cell anemia 32. Complete the following table. TRANSLATION REPLICATION Product Location 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. What is the specific function of ribosomes? What organelle is involved in producing rRNA – which is used to make ribosomes? How do polyribosomes and ribosomes differ in their structure and function? The heredity material found in cells is a) DNA c) mRNA b) rRNA d) ATP Which is not a major function of the genetic material? a) Store information c) Replicate itself b) Catalyze chemical reactions d) Undergo mutations In the Watson-Crick model of DNA, the “steps” of the ladder are composed of a) Sugars c) Two purines b) A purine and a pyrimidine d) Two pyrimidines That amount of adenine is always equal to the amount of ___ in DNA a) cytosine c) guanine b) uracil d) thymine Which of the following have nitrogenous bases correctly paired in DNA? a) Adenine-guanine; thymine-cytosine b) Adenine-uracil; guanine-cytosine c) Adenine-cytosine; guanine – thymine d) Adenine- thymine; guanine-cytosine The enzyme used to join complementary DNA nucleotides together is a) DNA polymerase c) Helicase b) RNA polymerase d) Lipase Which of the following is not true about DNA? a) Has a double helix b) Bases are held together by hydrogen bonds c) Contains adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil d) Has a deoxyribose sugar Which of the following statements about DNA replication is not correct a) Unwinding of the DNA molecule occurs as hydrogen bonds break b) Each base is paired with another exactly like it c) The process is known as semi conservative replication because the old strand is conserved in the new molecule d) Complementary base pairs are held together by hydrogen bonds A nucleotide contains a) DNA and RNA b) A sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base c) Complementary purines and pyrimidines d) RNA, protein, and lipids DNA serves as the template for the direct synthesis of a) DNA c) enzymes b) tRNA d) proteins 46. Which of the following is not true about RNA? a) RNA transfers messages from DNA to ribosomes b) RNA contains the sugar ribose c) RNA forms a double helix d) RNA is single stranded 47. Prior to protein synthesis, the DNA a) Attracts tRNA’s with appropriate amino acids b) Serves as a template for the production of mRNA c) Adheres to ribosomes for protein synthesis d) Contains anticodons that become codons 48. Which of the following nucleotide bases is found only in RNA, not in DNA? a) Guanine c) Thymine b) Adenine d) Uracil 49. The function of transfer RNA is to a) Carry amino acids to ribosomes b) Transfer nucleotides to the nucleus c) Turn DNA on and off d) Act as a site for protein synthesis 50. The genetic code consists of___ bases that stand for one amino acid a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 51. Messenger RNA is produced in the a) Cytoplasm c) Nucleus b) Ribosomes d) Endoplasmic reticulum 52. In modern biochemical genetics, the flow of inherited information is from a) proteinRNADNA c) DNAproteinRNA b) DNARNAprotein d) RNADNAprotein 53. Which is directly responsible for the sequence of amino acids in a protein? a) The sequence of anticodons b) The number of codons in mRNA c) The sequence of codons in mRNA d) The enzyme that attaches the amino acid to tRNA 54. Transcription of part of a DNA molecule with a nucleotide sequence of A-A-A-C-A-A-C-T-T results in a mRNA molecule with the complementary sequence of : a) G-G-G-A-G-A-A-C-C c) T-T-T-G-A-A-G-C-C b) U-U-U-G-U-U-G-A-A d) C-C-C-A-C-C-T-C-C 55. During the process of transcription, the information in a) Protein is converted into RNA information b) DNA is converted into protein information c) DNA is converted into RNA information d) RNA is converted into DNA information 56. If one strand of DNA has the base sequence AAGCAA, the complementary DNA strand has which of the following sequences? a) UUCGUU c) AAGCAA b) TTCGTG d) TTCGTT 57. For translation to take place, which of the following would not be required to be present? a) DNA c) ribosome b) mRNA d) rRNA 58. Which of the following processes does not take place during translation? a) Attachment of ribosome to rRNA b) Growth of a polypeptide chain c) Binding of tRNA molecules to the ribosome d) Production of mRNA 59. Which is the process that synthesizes mRNA? a) Translation c) Transposition b) Transcription d) Transformation 60. In the diagram to the left, if adenine is located on strand 4, then on strand 2 at the same location ___ must be present a) Adenine c) Cytosine b) Thymine d) Guanine 61. In the diagram to the left, when replication is finished, strand 1 and 2 will have the same base composition as: a) Strands 2 and 3 c) Strands 3 and 4 b) Strands 1 and 3 d) Strands 1 and 4 62. If a mutation occurred, then a) The code would change b) Some particular codon or codons would change c) Some particular anticodon or anticodons would change d) All of the above e) Only a and b 63. The___ of a tRNA molecule will attract the codon of a mRNA molecule. a) DNA sequence c) Amino acid binding site b) Anticodon d) RNA polymerase 64. How does the anticodon differ from the codon? The anticodon…. a) Contains thymine, but the codon contains uracil b) Attaches to ribosomes, but the codon attaches to amino acids c) Is a sequence of three bases complementary to the bases of a codon d) Stands for a particular amino acid, but the codon codes for nucleotide bases 65. Which of the classes of RNA molecules is linked with proteins in forming the large and small subunits of a cytoplasmic structure? a) rRNA c) mRNA b) tRNA d) complementary RNA 66. All nucleotides are made up of _____ parts: a base, a sugar and ____________________ 67. In DNA the base adenine is always paired with a base ____________ 68. DNA is double stranded. It is made up of two ____________strands 69. In RNA the base thymine is replaced by _______________ 70. A mutation is a change in the sequence of _________ within a DNA molecule 71. Each tRNA has an __________ at one end and a specific ___________ at the other 72. DNA contains a _________ for protein synthesis; it is a _____________code because three bases indicate one particular ____________. During transcription, _______ RNA is produced having bases that are ____________ to the bases in DNA. Thus it is said that DNA serves as a _________ for mRNA production. The bases in DNA are called the code, and the bases in mRNA are called _____________. mRNA moves into the cytoplasm and becomes associated with the ___ which contain ___________ RNA molecules. Also in the cytoplasm there are ______ RNA molecules with an _________ at one end and one of the twenty amino acids at the other. During translation the tRNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosomes in the order dictated by the DNA code; thus the original sequence of bases in DNA orders the _______________of amino acids in a protein. 73. Which of the following pairs in not a valid comparison between DNA and RNA DNA RNA a) double helix single-stranded b) replicates duplicates c) deoxyribose ribose d) thymine uracil 74. Put phrases 1-6 in order to describe protein synthesis. 1) mRNA is produced in the nucleus 2) ribosomes move along mRNA 3) DNA has a code 4) polypeptide units 5) tRNA brings amino acids to ribosomes 6) mRNA moves to ribosomes 75. Use the table of mRNA codons to answer the questions below. a) The codon for tryptophan is ________ b) For leucine, there are __________ different codons c) The codon GAU is for ____________ d) In a stop codon, if the second base is G, the first and third bases are ______ and _______ 76. Label (1) to (4) in the diagram below. Put the following phrases in the correct order, and write them in the correct area on the diagram _______ recombined plasmid is reintroduced into the bacterium _______plasmid is removed from E. coli _______recombined plasmid functions and replicates normally _______foreign DNA is incorporated into the plasmid