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Transcript
Notes Prejudice and Discrimination LO 11.8 Prejudice and Discrimination AP: Processes That Contribute to Differential Treatment • Prejudice: negative attitude held by a person about the members of a particular social group • Discrimination: treating people differently because of prejudice toward the social group to which they belong Prejudice and Discrimination LO 11.8 Prejudice and Discrimination AP: Processes That Contribute to Differential Treatment • Forms of prejudice include ageism, sexism, racism, ethnocentrism, and prejudice against those who are too fat or too thin Attitudes: Making Social Judgments • Relationship between attitudes and behavior • Richard LaPiere journeyed across the country with an Asian couple and found that people who voice prejudicial attitudes may not behave in discriminatory ways Overcoming Prejudice LO 11.9 Why People Are Prejudiced and How to Stop It • “Jigsaw classroom”: educational technique in which each individual is given only part of the information needed to solve a problem, forcing individuals to work together to find the solution Notes How People Learn Prejudice LO 11.9 Why People Are Prejudiced and How to Stop It AP: Processes That Contribute to Differential Treatment • Social cognitive theory: views prejudice as an attitude acquired through direct instruction, modeling, and other social influences • Realistic conflict theory: conflict between groups increases prejudice and discrimination How People Learn Prejudice LO 11.9 Why People Are Prejudiced and How to Stop It • Social identity theory: the formation of a person’s identity within a particular social group is explained by social categorization, social identity, and social comparison – social identity: the part of the self-concept including one’s view of self as a member of a particular social category – social comparison: the comparison of oneself to others in ways that raise one’s self-esteem AP: Processes That Contribute to Differential Treatment/The Impact of Social and Cultural Categories Overcoming Prejudice LO 11.9 Why People Are Prejudiced and How to Stop It • Equal status contact: contact between groups in which the groups have equal status, with neither group having power over the other Attraction LO 11.10 Factors that Govern Attraction and the Different Forms of Love AP: Variables Contributing to Altruism, Aggression, and Attraction • Interpersonal attraction: liking or having the desire for a relationship with another person – physical attractiveness – proximity: physical or geographical nearness – people like people who are similar to themselves OR who are different from themselves (complementary) – reciprocity of liking: tendency of people to like other people who like them in return Love LO 11.10 Factors that Govern Attraction and the Different Forms of Love AP: Variables Contributing to Altruism, Aggression, and Attraction • Love: a strong affection for another person due to kinship, personal ties, sexual attraction, admiration, or common interests • Sternberg’s three components of love: 1. intimacy 2. passion 3. commitment Love LO 11.10 Factors that Govern Attraction and the Different Forms of Love AP: Variables Contributing to Altruism, Aggression, and Attraction • Romantic love: consists of intimacy and passion • Companionate love: consists of intimacy and commitment • Consummate love: ideal love, in which all three components are present Figure 11.5 Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love This diagram represents the seven different kinds of love that can result from combining the three components of love: intimacy, passion, and commitment. Notice that some of these types of love sound less desirable or positive than others. What is the one key element missing from the less positive types of love? Source: Adapted from Sternberg (1986). Notes Aggression LO 11.11 Biology and Learning Influences on Aggression AP: Variables Contributing to Altruism, Aggression, and Attraction/How Heredity, Environment, and Evolution Shape Behavior Frustration–aggression hypothesis: aggression is a reaction to frustration • Konrad Lorenz saw aggression as an instinct for fighting to promote the survival of our species • Biological influences on aggression may include genetics, the amygdala and limbic system, and testosterone and serotonin levels Aggression LO 11.11 Biology and Learning Influences on Aggression AP: Variables Contributing to Altruism, Aggression, and Attraction/Identify Important Figures • Violence in the media – Albert Bandura: Bobo Doll • Social role: the pattern of behavior that is expected of a person who is in a particular social position – Zimbardo’s Stanford prison experiment The Power of the Situation: Stanford Prison Experiment • Philip Zimbardo 1971 wanted to see how the power of the situation would shape the behavior of normal, average subjects Stanford Prison Experiment • Participants behavior was influenced by social roles • Social Roles shared expectations about how people in certain positions should behave • Like Milgram, Zimbardo concluded that situational pressures can lead normal, decent people to behave in sinister, repugnant ways.