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Seed Plants Gymnosperms & Angiosperms 1 Quick Defs… • Vascular = xylem and phloem – Xylem = Brings water/nutrients from roots to the plant. – Phloem = Brings sugars down from the leaves 2 Evolution Of Land Plants REMEMBER: • Terrestrial plants evolved from a green algal ancestor • The earliest land plants were nonvascular, spore producers (bryophytes) • Ferns were the 1st vascular, spore producing plants • Gymnosperms & angiosperms were the 1st vascular, seed plants 3 4 Characteristics of Seed Plants • • • • Multicellular Autotrophic Reproduce by Seeds Vascular tissue for transport • Heterosporous – make female megaspores & male microspores 5 Dandelion dispersing seeds Reasons for Success on Land • Waxy cuticle • Stomata with guard cells to open & close • Seeds protect developing embryo & contain food 6 Seeds • Seeds contain a young, developing plant embryo • Seeds are covered with a protective seed coat (testa) 7 Seed Dispersal • Seeds must be scattered (dispersed) away from the parent plant • Testa (seed coats) may last thousands of years • Seeds eaten by animals aren’t digested but pass out with wastes 8 Seed Dispersal • Seeds may have adaptations such as stickers, hooks, or fuzz to adhere to animals 9 Seed Dispersal • Both water and wind can scatter seeds Wind Dispersal Water Dispersal 10 Seed Dispersal Methods 11 Gymnosperms and Angiosperms • Gymnosperm – Intro and evolution – Life cycle and reproduction – Uses and significance • Angiosperms: Flowering plants – Intro and evolution – Life cycle and reproduction – Uses and significance – Monocots vs. dicots 12 GYMNOSPERMS • Introduction – Gymnosperm means “naked seed” (From the Greek: gymnos = naked; sperm = seed) • More advanced than ferns – do not have spores, they have seeds. • The seeds of the gymnosperms lack a protective enclosure (unlike flowering plants which have flowers and fruit). • Examples of gymnosperms: • Conifers (pine trees), cycads, 13 ginkgo biloba Conifers • Conifers adapted to temperate to cold regions • Narrow leaves (needles) help to conserve water • Covered by resins – for protection from predators, fire, etc. 14 Other gymnosperms • Cycads – short shrubs, native to tropical regions (look like palms) • Ginkgo biloba – a “living fossil”, male and female tree, used as a medicinal plant 15 Significance of gymnosperms • • • • • • • • • Ecological importance: Provide food and habitat for wildlife Forests prevent soil erosion Reduce greenhouse-effect gasses Economic and commercial importance: Lumber for wood, paper, etc. Resins – wood, furniture, etc. Ornamental plants (trees, landscaping) Food – pine nuts (pesto, etc.) 16 ANGIOSPERMS • • • • Angiosperm means “covered seed” Have flowers Have fruits with seeds Live everywhere – dominant plants in the world • 260,000 species (88% of Plant Kingdom) • Angiosperms are the most successful and advanced plants on earth 17 Evolution of Angiosperms • Advancements over gymnosperms: • Angiosperms have flowers – many use pollinators • Fruits and seeds – adapted for dispersal 18 Monocot vs. dicot • Angiosperms are divided into monocots and dicots • As the zygote grows into the embryo, the first leaves of the young sporophyte develop and are called as cotyledons (seed leaves) • Monocots have one cotyledon (corn, lily, etc). • Dicots have two cotyledons (bean, oak, 19 etc). Monocot vs. dicot • Number of cotyledons: one vs. two 20 Monocot vs. dicot • Leaf venation pattern: • Monocot is parallel • Dicot is net pattern 21 Monocot vs. dicot root • Monocot: Fibrous root • Dicot: Tap root 22 Reproduction of Angiosperms: * Pollination = Pollen falls on a stigma when wind, bees, or bats carry it. (Sugar-rich nectar in the flower attracts bees or bats.) * Fertilization = sperm & egg join together in the flower’s ovule. - The zygote develops into the embryo part of the seed. - The ovary around the seed develops into a fruit. (Apples, cherries, tomatoes, squash, etc. are all fruit.) * Dispersal – animals eat the fruit and the seeds come out the other end. 23 Life Spans of Angiosperms: * Annuals = complete a life cycle in one year. (pansies, wheat, tomatoes, cucumbers, etc) * Biennials = complete life cycle in two years. (Second year they produce flowers and seeds.) (Parsley, celery, etc) * Perennials = live for more than two years (Oak tree, honeysuckles, etc) (Roots and stems survive the winter) 24 Modified from cmassengale 25