Download Lesson 10.1 Action Verbs and Direct Objects 333 Lesson 10.2

UNIT
10
Verbs
Lesson
10.1
Action Verbs and Direct Objects
333
Lesson
10.2
Indirect Objects
335
Lesson
10.3
Linking Verbs and Predicate Words
337
Lesson
10.4
Present, Past, and Future Tenses
339
Lesson
10.5
Main Verbs and Helping Verbs
341
Lesson
10.6
Present and Past Progressive Forms 343
Lesson
10.7
Perfect Tenses
345
Lesson
10.8
Irregular Verbs
347
Lesson
10.9
More Irregular Verbs
349
Grammar Review
351
Writing Application
359
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Action Verbs and
Direct Objects
There are two main kinds of verbs: action verbs and linking verbs.
Action verbs tell what the subject does.
■ An action verb names an action. It may contain more than one
word.
Jay has visited Africa.
ACTION
VERB
ACTION VERB
Verbs
An action verb is often followed by a noun that receives the action
of the verb. This noun is called the direct object. In the sentence
above, the noun Africa is the direct object of the verb
has visited.
■ A direct object receives the action of a verb. It answers the question whom? or what? after an action verb.
what?
Sightseers paid the fees.
DIRECT OBJECT
Not all action verbs take direct objects.
■ A transitive verb has a direct object.
■ An intransitive verb does not have a direct object.
You must examine how an action verb is used in a sentence to
determine whether it is transitive or intransitive. Some verbs can be
used both ways.
Sheila read a book about Africa. [transitive]
Sheila read in a great hurry. [intransitive]
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Exercise 1
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Identifying Action Verbs and Direct Objects
For the sentences below, write each action verb. If the verb has a direct
object, write it and underline it.
Verbs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
The equator divides Africa in two.
Streams and wells create oases in the desert.
Camels can travel in the desert for days without water.
Not even cars cross the sand dunes.
In the eastern Sahara, the sun shines for thousands of hours every year.
Boats transport goods down the Nile River.
In flat regions the Nile River flows slowly.
Many people build their homes in the Nile Valley.
Grasslands border the Sahara on the south.
Bushes and small trees grow in the grasslands.
Wild animals roam the grasslands of Central Africa.
Large herds of cattle graze on the grasslands.
Herders tend the cattle.
African farmers grow coffee.
Much rain falls in the tropical forests.
Many tourists visit the jungles.
Europeans established colonies in Africa.
Explorers crossed the Mediterranean Sea for riches.
Others hunted elephants for their ivory tusks.
Miners sought gold under the ground.
Many African nations later gained their independence.
Anthropologists explore for evidence of early peoples.
Scientists study gorillas in remote forests.
Game parks protect wildlife.
Some Africans raise livestock.
Exercise 2
Writing Action Verbs
Write five brief sentences about yourself. Use an action verb in each sentence. Underline the action verb. If the verb has a direct object, circle the
direct object.
SAMPLE ANSWER
334
Unit 10 Verbs
I eat a big breakfast.
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Indirect Objects
A direct object answers the question whom? or what? after an
action verb. In the sentence below, the direct object is Egypt. Egypt
answers the question what? after the action verb visited.
Rachel visited Egypt last year.
An action verb may also have an indirect object.
■ An indirect object answers the question to whom? or for whom?
the action was done.
what?
Sightseers paid the guides fees.
to whom?
INDIRECT OBJECT
Verbs
The direct object in the sentence above is fees. It answers the question what? after the action verb paid. The indirect object is guides.
Guides answers the question to whom? after the action verb.
Indirect objects appear only in sentences that have a direct object.
Two clues will help you identify indirect objects. First, the indirect
object always comes before the direct object. Second, if you add the
word to or for in front of the indirect object, the sentence still makes
sense.
Rachel bought her friends post cards.
rds
ca
post
Rachel bought
for her friends.
10.2 Indirect Objects
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Exercise 3
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Distinguishing Between Direct and Indirect Objects
Write whether the underlined word is a direct object or an indirect object.
Verbs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Egypt gives tourists lessons in history.
The pyramids show visitors life in the past.
Sculptors produced statues for tombs and temples.
Artists made decorative objects of pottery.
Archaeologists study the ancient tombs.
The tombs contain valuable historic scrolls.
The guide read the tourists the scrolls’ messages.
Send us a map of Egypt.
We gave my parents a cruise on the Nile.
Artists gave the pharaohs beautiful golden objects.
The ruins offer historians facts about a culture of long ago.
Ancient Egyptians built pyramids for their pharaohs.
Government leaders gave the people direction.
Instructors taught students mathematics.
Scribes taught composition skills to the boys.
Festivals gave Egyptians relaxation from work.
Musicians offered the families entertainment.
Governors sent the pharaoh taxes.
The people gave the priests their obedience.
People sail barges down the Nile.
Exercise 4
Identifying Direct and Indirect Objects
For each sentence, write the direct object. Then write and underline each
indirect object.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
336
The floodwaters of the Nile gave farmers rich soil.
Wealthy Egyptians built themselves beautiful homes.
Parents fed their children bread.
Some Egyptians wrote relatives letters.
Gardens and rivers gave the Egyptians food.
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Linking Verbs and
Predicate Words
■ A linking verb connects the subject of a sentence with a noun or
an adjective in the predicate.
Verbs
In the sentence above, the linking verb is connects Africa, the subject, with continent, a noun in the predicate. Continent is called a predicate noun.
■ A predicate noun is a noun that follows a linking verb and tells
what the subject is.
■ A predicate adjective is an adjective that follows a linking verb and
tells what the subject is like.
In the first sentence above, the predicate noun country renames the
subject. In the second sentence, the predicate adjective scenic describes
the same subject. Predicate nouns and predicate adjectives follow only
linking verbs.
Some linking verbs can also be used as action verbs.
The farmer grows tired. [linking verb]
The farmer grows corn. [action verb]
Common Linking Verbs
be
become
seem
appear
feel
taste
grow
look
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Identifying Action and Linking Verbs and
Predicate Words
For each sentence, write the verb. Then write whether it is an action verb or a
linking verb. If it is a linking verb, write whether it is followed by a predicate
noun or a predicate adjective.
Verbs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Village life changes slowly in Zambia.
Many people live in grass-roofed houses.
Villagers raise food crops on the land.
Some farmers appear content with their lives.
Other people move to the mining towns.
The country is rich in copper.
The copper industry grows successful.
A common food in Zambia is corn porridge.
Many Zambians respect the old customs.
They seem happy with their traditions.
Zambia is a land of farmers and miners.
Each family group developed its own culture.
Traditions became important for each group.
No individual owned land.
The family group was responsible for its members.
Most Zambians speak a native Bantu language.
Sometimes communication between groups is a problem.
The English language is common among businesspeople.
Some languages seem unfamiliar to a nearby group.
Zambia’s population grows quickly.
Exercise 6
Using Predicate Nouns and Adjectives
To complete each sentence, write a predicate noun or predicate adjective as
indicated in parentheses. You may need to write more than one word.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
338
I feel (predicate adjective).
My family is (predicate adjective).
I am (predicate noun).
My favorite food is (predicate noun).
I think basketball is (predicate adjective).
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Present, Past, and
Future Tenses
A verb changes its form to show tense and to agree with its subject.
The tense of a verb tells when an action takes place.
■ The present tense of a verb names an action that happens
regularly. It can also express a general truth.
The present tense is usually the same as the base form of the verb.
When the subject is a singular noun or he, she, or it, however, you
usually form the present tense by adding -s to the base form. The
chart below shows the present tense forms of the verb visit.
Present Tense Forms
Plural
I visit.
We visit.
You visit.
You visit.
He, she, or it visits.
They visit.
Verbs
Singular
The present tense of the verb be differs from
the base form be: am, are, is.
■ The past tense of a verb names an action that
already happened.
Form the past tense of most verbs by adding
-ed to the base form of the verb.
■ The future tense of a verb names an action
that will take place in the future.
Form the future tense by adding the
helping verb will or shall to the base form
of the verb.
10.4 Present, Past, and Future Tenses
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Distinguishing Present, Past, and Future Tenses
For each sentence write the verb. Then write whether it is in the present, past,
or future tense.
Verbs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Larry learns about archaeology in the library.
Someday he and his parents will travel to Egypt.
Larry and his friend Ann watched a film about the Sahara.
This vast desert extends into Egypt.
The survival of the ancient Egyptians depended on the Nile River.
The Nile still provides the country’s water.
Silt from the Nile fertilized farmland.
The Nile flows into the Mediterranean Sea.
Silt protected land near the Mediterranean from erosion.
The Aswan High Dam harnesses the water of the Nile.
Water from the dam will increase Egypt’s agricultural production.
The dam traps the silt from floodwaters in Lake Nasser.
Instead of silt, farmers will use chemical fertilizers.
The dam will damage the environment.
A Greek historian called Egypt the “gift of the Nile.”
Like other ancient civilizations, Egypt developed on fertile land near
a river.
Egyptian monuments will puzzle people far into the future.
The Nile’s floods help the crops.
Farmlands cover less than 4 percent of the land of Egypt.
Today Egypt exports cotton.
Exercise 8
Using Present, Past, and Future Tenses
For each sentence write the present, past, and future forms of the verb in
parentheses.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
340
The capital, Cairo, (prosper) near the base of the Nile delta.
This part of the country (collect) the most rain.
The Western Desert (contain) few oases.
Oases (support) small villages and farms.
The sands of the Eastern Desert (extend) from the Nile River almost to the
Red Sea.
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Main Verbs and
Helping Verbs
Verbs have four principal parts. The chart below shows the principal parts of the verb learn.
Principal Parts of the Verb Learn
Base Form
Present Participle
Past Form
Past Participle
learn
learning
learned
learned
Verbs
The principal parts of a verb can be combined with helping verbs
to form verb phrases.
■ A helping verb is a verb that helps the main verb tell about an
action or make a statement.
■ A verb phrase consists of one or more helping verbs followed by a
main verb.
The most common helping verbs are be and have. The helping verb
be makes a verb phrase with the present participle of a main verb.
Be and the Present Participle
Present
Singular
I am learning.
You are learning.
She is learning.
Past
Plural
We are learning.
You are learning.
They are learning.
Singular
I was learning.
You were learning.
He was learning.
Plural
We were learning.
You were learning.
They were learning.
The helping verb have makes a verb phrase with the past participle
of a main verb.
Have and the Past Participle
Present
Singular
I have learned.
You have learned.
She has learned.
Plural
We have learned.
You have learned.
They have learned.
Past
Singular
We have learned.
You had learned.
He had learned.
Plural
We had learned.
You had learned.
They had learned.
10.5 Main Verbs and Helping Verbs
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Identifying Helping Verbs in Verb Phrases
Write each verb phrase. Then underline the helping verb.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Some African societies have changed greatly.
The people of Malawi were living in family groups.
They have looked to chiefs for leadership.
They have formed one nation from many different family groups.
Many children in Malawi are working at jobs.
Malawi workers have produced beautiful items for export.
The country's name has changed along with its society.
Today it has become Malawi, “land of flame.”
Before 1964 people had called the country Nyasaland.
For almost thirty years, Hastings Banda had ruled the country.
Exercise 10
Identifying Past and Present Participles
Write each verb phrase and label its main verb as a present participle or past
participle.
Verbs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
342
Malawi had acquired independence in 1964.
Bingu wa Mutharika has now assumed leadership.
The people have named Mr. Mutharika president.
The president has appointed a cabinet.
The cabinet is helping the president.
Malawi is developing into a stable nation.
The government has improved agriculture.
Malawi’s economy has strengthened.
Young people are training for leadership roles.
The people of Malawi have learned valuable skills.
Farmers are tending cattle, goats, and sheep.
Malawi is depending on other nations for access to the sea.
Men with jobs in cities have mailed money home.
Most farmers are growing food for themselves and their families.
Most of the people in Malawi are living in rural areas.
In Malawi women historically have raised the crops.
The economy is based on agriculture.
Malawi has received money from the United States for its schools.
Europeans have planted tea in the highlands.
The Bantu people had arrived in the region of Malawi in the 1500s.
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Present and Past
Progressive Forms
The present tense of a verb names an action that occurs regularly.
To describe an action that is continuing, use the present progressive
form of the verb.
■ The present progressive form of a verb tells about an action that
is continuing right now.
The children are listening to a story.
The present progressive form of a verb consists of the present
participle of the main verb and the helping verb am, are, or is.
Present Progressive Form
Plural
I am singing.
We are singing.
You are singing.
You are singing.
He, she, or it is singing.
They are singing.
Verbs
Singular
The past tense describes an action that was started and completed
in the past. To describe an action going on some time in the past, use
the past progressive form.
■ The past progressive form of a verb names an action that
continued for some time in the past.
The women were singing a folk song.
The past progressive form of a verb consists of the present participle
and the helping verb was or were.
Past Progressive Form
Singular
Plural
I was singing.
We were singing.
You were singing.
You were singing.
He, she, or it was singing.
They were singing.
10.6 Present and Past Progressive Forms
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Exercise 11
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Using Present and Past Progressive Forms
For each sentence, write the present progressive or past progressive form of
the verb in parentheses. Be sure your sentences make sense.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Students today (learn) about African nations.
For years a few European countries (rule) some parts of Africa.
Many Africans (grow) eager for independence by the 1950s.
Today most African countries (govern) themselves.
Now changes (take) place in African governments.
Many countries now (hold) elections.
More Americans (visit) Africa nowadays.
They (find) the scenery spectacular.
The Mali Empire (flourish) in West Africa for about two hundred years.
People still (visit) Timbuktu in Mali.
Exercise 12
Using the Progressive Forms
For each sentence, write the progressive form of the verb. If the verb is in the
present tense, change it to the present progressive form. If the verb is in the
past tense, change it to the past progressive form.
Verbs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
344
Visitors see great differences across the continent.
Temperatures average more than 100° in the Sahara.
Oases become dry.
Nomadic herders roam across northern Africa.
A family constructed a house with hard mud walls.
Architects design modern houses or apartments.
Technology replaces some traditions.
Families cooked food over an open fire.
Modern stoves reduce wood use by 500 percent.
Textile mills in Cairo make cloth from cotton.
Tourists shop in Cairo.
Visitors explore the old parts of many cities.
The economy of Egypt improves.
In the nineteenth century, tourists visited Egypt in large numbers.
Each year tourism becomes more important to the economy.
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Perfect Tenses
■ The present perfect tense of a verb tells about something that
happened at an indefinite time in the past. It also tells about an
action that happened in the past and is still happening now.
Sheila has collected African jewelry for years.
In the sentence above, Sheila began to collect African jewelry at
some time in the past and still collects it.
The present perfect tense of a verb consists of the helping verb have
or has followed by the past participle of the main verb.
Present Perfect Tense
Singular
Plural
I have collected.
We have collected.
You have collected.
You have collected.
He, she, or it has collected.
They have collected.
Verbs
■ The past perfect tense of a verb names an action that happened
before another action or event in the past.
Before her last birthday, Sheila had collected only coins.
In the sentence above, Sheila started and finished collecting coins
before another event that also occurred in the past, her last birthday.
The past perfect tense of a verb consists of the helping verb had
and the past participle of the main verb.
Past Perfect Tense
Singular
Plural
I had started.
We had started.
You had started.
You had started.
He, she, or it had started.
They had started.
10.7 Perfect Tenses
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Review: Identifying Tenses
For each sentence, write the verb. Then write whether the verb is in the
present, past, present perfect, or past perfect tense.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Moroccan ships pass through the Strait of Gibraltar.
Morocco has exported fish and minerals.
In the year 711, Moroccans invaded Spain.
For some time, they ruled most of Spain.
The Moroccans had left many influences in Spain.
Most Moroccans speak Arabic.
Farmers had raised dates, olives, and citrus fruit.
Craft workers have handed down their skills.
Craft workers have often learned their skills from earlier generations.
Tourists value Moroccan leather.
Exercise 14
Using the Perfect Tenses
For each sentence, write the perfect tense of the verb. If the verb is in the
present tense, change it to the present perfect tense. If the verb is in the past
tense, change it to the past perfect tense.
Verbs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
346
Before modern times, Moroccan artisans created intricate silver jewelry.
They pounded metal into delicate shapes.
In the recent past, craftspeople constructed products from leather.
They also work on carpets for export.
Farmers raise barley, wheat, fruits, and vegetables.
Shepherds tend their flocks in green meadows.
Morocco trades with many other countries.
Long ago, ships from many countries docked in Casablanca.
Tourists visited the old section of the city.
Merchants crowded the narrow streets.
Marrakesh’s hospitality charmed many travelers in the nineteenth century.
Fat bears dance in the public square.
Visitors watch talented jugglers and acrobats.
The Berbers lived in the mountains for centuries.
Centuries ago, the Moroccan Berbers helped the Arabs conquer Spain.
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Irregular Verbs
Irregular verbs do not form their past forms and past participle by
adding the ending -ed. The irregular verbs below are grouped according to how their past forms and past participle are formed.
Irregular Verbs
Base Form
begin
drink
ring
shrink
sing
spring
swim
Past Form
began
drank
rang
shrank or shrunk
sang
sprang or sprung
swam
Past Participle
begun
drunk
rung
shrunk
sung
sprung
swum
The past form
and the past
participle are
the same.
bring
buy
catch
feel
get
keep
lay
lead
leave
lend
lose
make
pay
say
seek
sell
sit
sleep
swing
teach
think
win
brought
bought
caught
felt
got
kept
laid
led
left
lent
lost
made
paid
said
sought
sold
sat
slept
swung
taught
thought
won
brought
bought
caught
felt
got or gotten
kept
laid
led
left
lent
lost
made
paid
said
sought
sold
sat
slept
swung
taught
thought
won
Verbs
Pattern
One vowel
changes to form
the past form and
the past participle.
10.8 Irregular Verbs
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Using the Past Tense of Irregular Verbs
For each sentence, write the past tense form of the verb in parentheses.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
African merchants (begin) work before dawn.
Peddlers (bring) their goods to market.
They (lay) out their wares in attractive displays.
The sun (feel) hot in the open marketplace.
Children (seek) the shade of date trees.
Infants (sleep) in spite of the chaos.
People (make) requests about animals for sale.
Some traders (sing) songs about their goods.
Some people (buy) gourds of all sizes.
A tailor (win) some new customers.
Exercise 16
Using the Past Participle of Irregular Verbs
For each sentence, write the past participle of the verb in parentheses.
Verbs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
348
Some women have (sell) bracelets and necklaces.
Traders had (bring) gorgeous robes and veils.
The material has not (shrink).
Herders have (leave) cattle in the stalls.
Herders had (lead) livestock to market.
The herder has (catch) the stray.
Some people have (keep) pots of stew warm.
Craft workers have (teach) their children their craft.
Some merchants have (sleep) in the sun.
The market has (lose) business to other villages.
The merchants had (think) competition might be good.
One merchant has (say) the market needs competition.
People have (pay) by trading.
How much fruit have people (buy)?
A mother has (lend) her child money to buy a trinket.
The child had (get) some candy.
The candy had (begin) to stick to the child’s fingers.
Merchants have (sit) on beautiful rugs.
By evening a cool breeze has (spring) up.
Wind chimes have (ring) in the breeze.
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More Irregular Verbs
Irregular Verbs
Pattern
The base form
and the past
participle are
the same.
Base Form
become
come
run
Past Form
became
came
ran
Past Participle
become
come
run
The past form
ends in -ew, and
the past participle
ends in -wn.
blow
draw
fly
grow
know
throw
blew
drew
flew
grew
knew
threw
blown
drawn
flown
grown
known
thrown
The past
participle ends
in -en.
bite
break
choose
drive
eat
fall
give
ride
rise
see
speak
steal
take
write
bit
broke
chose
drove
ate
fell
gave
rode
rose
saw
spoke
stole
took
wrote
bitten or bit
broken
chosen
driven
eaten
fallen
given
ridden
risen
seen
spoken
stolen
taken
written
The past form
and the past
participle do
not follow any
pattern.
be (am, are, is)
do
go
tear
wear
was, were
did
went
tore
wore
been
done
gone
torn
worn
The base form,
past form, and
past participle are
all the same.
burst
cut
let
put
burst
cut
let
put
burst
cut
let
put
F
LY
W
FLE
Verbs
F LO
W
N
10.9 More Irregular Verbs
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Exercise 17
7:45 PM
Page 350
Using the Past Tense of Irregular Verbs
For each sentence, write the past tense form of the verb in parentheses.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Crystal (do) research for her project.
She (go) to the library for books about Nigeria.
Some of her information (come) from magazines.
Fulani people (eat) well in the rainy season.
Children (ride) on cattle from camp to camp.
Their camps (are) temporary homes.
The Hausa (become) skilled potters and weavers.
The men (wear) long robes and loose-fitting trousers.
Teachers (run) schools for Nigerian children.
In 1954 the government (take) control of all the schools.
Exercise 18
Using the Past Participle of Irregular Verbs
For each sentence, write the past participle form of the verb in
parentheses.
Verbs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
350
In Kenya’s dry season, no rain had (fall).
A dry wind has (blow) over the land.
The families had (eat) beans and potatoes.
By March the farmers had (go) to the fields.
People have (do) the farm work by hand.
Pumps had (draw) water from wells.
Farmers had (grow) gardens close to the house.
By noon the sun had (rise) high in the sky.
Travelers have (go) to Kenya for years.
Tourists have (see) herders with cattle sticks.
The herders had (choose) each new camp carefully.
A fire had (drive) away mosquitoes and flies.
Kenyans have (grow) tea and coffee in the highlands.
Tourists have (fly) over Kenya’s Tsavo National Park.
They have (ride) in trucks deep into the countryside.
Have you (speak) to any of them?
My parents had (take) many pictures on a photo safari.
One camera had (break).
They had (knew) the tour guide.
The tour guide has not (let) tourists off the paths.
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UNIT 10
Page 351
Grammar Review
VERBS
The excerpt below is from a traditional Ashanti folktale. The Ashanti are the
largest and most powerful ethnic group in the West African country of Ghana.
The passage has been annotated to show some of the kinds of verbs covered in
this unit.
Literature Model
from All Stories Are Anansi’s
an Ashanti folktale by Harold Courlander
I
Past tense
Verbs
n the beginning, all tales and stories belonged to
Nyame, the Sky God. But Kwaku Anansi, the spider,
yearned to be the owner of all the stories known in the
world, and he went to Nyame and offered to buy them.
The Sky God said: “I am willing to sell the stories,
but the price is high. Many people have come to me
offering to buy, but the price was too high for them.
Rich and powerful families have not been able to pay.
Do you think you can do it?”
Anansi replied to the Sky God: “I can do it. What is
the price?”
“My price is three things,” the Sky God said. “I must
first have Mmoboro, the hornets. I must then have
Onini, the great python. I must then have Osebo, the
leopard. For these things I will sell you the right to tell
all stories.”
Anansi said: “I will bring them.”
Present
progressive
form
Present
perfect
tense
Linking
verb
followed by
a predicate
noun
Action
verb followed
by a direct
object
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Grammar Review
Review: Exercise 1
Identifying Action Verbs and Direct Objects
For the sentences below, write each action verb and direct object. Underline
the direct objects. If a sentence has no direct object, write none.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
We boarded the ship for Africa.
Our ship entered the harbor after a long wait.
We photographed the animals.
We visited several African plateaus.
Boaters rode the river rapids.
Hikers walked through the jungles.
Our guide traveled with us.
She selected the best places for overnight camps.
We traced our trip on a large map.
The tourists gave the guide a generous tip.
Review: Exercise 2
Identifying Direct and Indirect Objects
Verbs
For each sentence, write the verb plus any direct object and indirect object.
Then circle the verb and underline each direct object once and each indirect
object twice. (Not all sentences will have both kinds of object. One sentence
has neither.)
SAMPLE
ANSWER
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
352
Storytellers tell children fascinating stories.
tell stories, children
Joel Chandler Harris adapted African American folk legends.
He collected the stories in the book Uncle Remus, His Songs and Sayings.
Uncle Remus tells a boy stories about a fox, a rabbit, and a bear.
Brer Rabbit is the American version of the African character Zomo.
Brer Rabbit told Brer Fox his terms.
Harris used humor in his stories.
The Atlanta Constitution published the stories.
As a boy, Harris visited a plantation near his home.
African Americans told Harris stories.
The stories influenced modern authors.
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Grammar Review
Review: Exercise 3
Distinguishing Linking Verbs from Action Verbs
For each sentence, write the verb and whether it is an action verb or a linking
verb. If it is a linking verb, write whether it is followed by a predicate noun or
a predicate adjective.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
The Nile River is the world’s longest river.
The Nile flows from Lake Victoria.
Bright blue and orange birds seem exotic.
Africa is a land of geographical wonders.
Its plateaus appear flat.
Wild animals graze on the plains.
The weather in the high plateaus and mountains is mild.
The mountain looks beautiful.
Community ceremonies are an important rural tradition.
Everyone gathers for celebrations of births and marriages.
Review: Exercise 4
Writing Predicate Nouns and
Predicate Adjectives
Verbs
Write a predicate noun or a predicate adjective as indicated to complete each
sentence below. You may need to add other words. (Use the Literature Model
on page 351 to help you.)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
The Sky God was
Nyame was
Anansi was
Anansi is a
Onini is a
Hornets are
Anansi stories are
The python is
Osebo is
The price of the stories is
. (predicate noun)
. (predicate noun)
. (predicate adjective)
. (predicate noun)
. (predicate noun)
. (predicate noun)
. (predicate noun)
. (predicate adjective)
. (predicate noun)
. (predicate adjective)
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Grammar Review
Review: Exercise 5
Using Present, Past, and Future Tenses
For each sentence, write the verb form indicated in parentheses.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Folklorists (present tense of collect) stories from all parts of Africa.
Many stories (future tense of tell) about the past.
Animals (present tense of act) like humans in some stories.
Folklorists (past tense of record) many “Why” stories.
One story (present tense of explain) why there are rainbows.
Many stories’ endings (past tense of surprise) listeners.
Children (present tense of enjoy) the surprises.
Folklorists (past tense of discover) versions of an Ethiopian tale in Turkey.
A Congolese fable (future tense of teach) children that families stick together.
These stories (future tense of help) children understand other cultures.
Review: Exercise 6
Using Present, Past, and Progressive Forms
For each sentence, write the verb form indicated in parentheses.
Verbs
SAMPLE
ANSWER
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
354
Most Ashanti people (present progressive form of live) in Ghana.
are living
Desert (present tense of cover) most of northern Africa.
In parts of western Africa, rain (present tense of fall) all year long.
Nomads (past progressive form of travel) to grazing areas.
Animals (present progressive form of roam) the lands by the lake.
Berber families (past progressive form of end) their meal with tea and
pastries.
The Ashanti (present tense of remain) a very powerful ethnic group.
Many Ashanti people (present progressive form of work) as farmers.
For years the Ashanti (past tense of speak) English as a second language.
The British (past tense of rule) several colonies in West Africa.
In the 1950s, the Ashanti and other African peoples (past progressive form of
struggle) for their independence.
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Grammar Review
Review: Exercise 7
Using Present Perfect and Past Perfect Tenses
For each sentence, write the verb form indicated in parentheses.
Young people (present perfect tense of learn) crafts from
their elders.
ANSWER have learned
SAMPLE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Many people (past perfect tense of plant) crops.
Others (past perfect tense of raise) livestock.
Some people (present perfect tense of migrate) to the cities.
Many rural families (past perfect tense of live) in mud houses.
Village life (past perfect tense of stay) the same for generations.
Some farmers (past perfect tense of use) the same methods as their
ancestors did.
Some people (present perfect tense of try) new methods.
The architecture in cities (past perfect tense of reflect) traditional styles.
Some city families (present perfect tense of rent) modern apartments.
Outdoor markets (present perfect tense of open) on city streets.
Verbs
Review: Exercise 8
Using Past and Past Participle
Forms of Irregular Verbs
For each sentence, write the past or past participle form of the verb in parentheses. Be sure your sentences make sense.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Explorers (seek) prehistoric paintings in the Sahara.
Early peoples (draw) pictures of animals.
Figures and masks of wood have (come) from many African sculptors.
Some early Africans (make) bronze or ivory sculptures.
Until the 1900s, few people outside Africa had (know) about African arts.
Western art has (grow) from the influence of African sculpture.
African Americans (sing) songs incorporating African musical rhythms.
Africans have (sing) complicated rhythms.
Only in a few areas had Africans (write) their stories down.
In the past, many Egyptians (write) in Coptic letters.
Grammar Review
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Grammar Review
Review: Exercise 9
Writing Present Perfect and
Past Perfect Tenses of Irregular Verbs
Write each sentence, using the verb and tense indicated in the parentheses.
SAMPLE
ANSWER
Some Africans (present perfect tense of leave) their rural homes.
Some Africans have left their rural homes.
Verbs
1. Many African cities that were once poor (present perfect tense of become)
prosperous.
2. Before people began moving into cities, many (past perfect tense of grow)
corn or maize on farms in the countryside.
3. Now city attractions (present perfect tense of lead) many rural people to
move.
4. Many African countries (past perfect tense of make) progress in agriculture.
5. Periods of drought (present perfect tense of be) a problem.
6. Elders (past perfect tense of teach) traditional skills and values before
university-trained teachers set up schools.
7. Foreign rulers (past perfect tense of pay) little attention to education.
8. They (past perfect tense of give) no thought to independence for their
African colonies.
9. Now most African peoples (present perfect tense of win) their independence.
10. Black South Africans (past perfect tense of seek) and attained the right to
vote and to rule themselves.
Review: Exercise 10 Identifying Verb Tenses and Forms
Write the italicized verbs in the following sentences. For each verb, write
whether it is in the present, past, future, present perfect, or past perfect tense.
Underline all the verbs that are in the progressive form.
I am leaving next week on a trip to Africa. 2I have saved my money
for two years. 3My whole family is going. 4We have gotten all the tourist
brochures. 5The travel agent helped us plan our route. 6We will go to
Morocco, Egypt, and Kenya. 7I had hoped for a stop in Ghana, too. 8My
parents chose a different tour. 9We were studying the maps last night.
10
The trip looks terrific!
1
356
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Grammar Review
Review: Exercise 11
Proofreading
The following passage is about Nancy Schutt’s painting Vanishing,
which appears on this page. Rewrite the passage, correcting the
errors in spelling, capitalization, grammar, and usage. Add any
missing punctuation. There are ten errors.
Nancy Schutt
The artist has took an endangered species as the subject for this
painting, the animal she has chose is the leopard. 2The size and strength
of these cats have gave them a feirce reputation. 3Will their reputation
1
Verbs
Nancy Schutt, Vanishing, 1992
(continued)
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Grammar Review
saved them from extinction? 4That is the question Nancy Schutt
addressing in her painting Vanishing. 5Many of Schutts’ paintings deals
with the theme of interaction among humans animals, and the natural
world.
Review: Exercise 12
Mixed Review
For each sentence, write the verb and tell whether it is an action
verb or a linking verb. Then write and label any direct object, indirect
object, predicate noun, or predicate adjective.
SAMPLE
ANSWER
Verbs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
We left home last month for our trip.
left, action verb; home, direct object
We boarded the ship for Africa.
The ship seemed large and modern.
It was a freighter.
We photographed the animals.
We sent our friends pictures.
For each sentence, write the form of the verb indicated in parentheses.
6. Herds of elephants (past perfect tense of live) on many parts of the African
continent.
7. People (present perfect tense of cause) animals’ habitats to shrink.
8. The white rhinoceros and the gorilla (present progressive form of become)
extinct.
9. Animal parks (future tense of protect) some endangered species.
10. Governments (present progressive form of outlaw) hunting in these areas.
358
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Writing Application
Action Verbs in Writing
Jean Craighead George uses precise
action verbs in this passage from Julie
of the Wolves to make her writing
lively and vivid. Examine the passage,
focusing especially on the italicized
verbs.
Techniques with
Action Verbs
Try to apply some of Jean
Craighead George’s writing
techniques when you write
and revise your own work.
1
Whenever possible, replace
general words with precise verbs.
Compare the following:
looked
GEORGE’S VERSION glanced, scanned
GENERAL WORD
2
Expand a single verb into longer
groups of words with more than
one specific verb:
SINGLE VERB
Verbs
Amaroq [one of the wolves]
glanced at his paw and slowly turned
his head her way without lifting his
eyes. He licked his shoulder. A few
matted hairs sprang apart and
twinkled individually. Then his eyes
sped to each of the three adult
wolves that made up his pack and
finally to the five pups who were
sleeping in a fuzzy mass near the den
entrance. The great wolf’s eyes softened at the sight of the little wolves,
then quickly hardened into brittle
yellow jewels as he scanned the flat
tundra [ground].
For more about
the importance of
using interesting
verbs, see TIME
Facing the Blank
Page, page 98.
A few matted hairs
separated.
GEORGE’S VERSION A few matted
hairs sprang apart and twinkled
individually.
Practice
Practice the Techniques with Action Verbs by revising the following
passage. Use a separate sheet of paper.
The lioness lay lazily in the hot sun. Her two cubs played nearby. She occasionally
moved her head to look around her. She was suddenly alert. A herd of zebra was
nearby. The lioness watched her prey. Partially hidden in the tall grass, she moved
close to the zebra herd. She suddenly came out of the grass. The zebras walked away,
but one was small and weak. The huntress moved again and caught the zebra. She
brought the dead zebra back to the cubs. They all ate their fill. Afterward they cleaned
themselves, and then they rested.
Writing Online
For more grammar practice, go to glencoe.com
and enter QuickPass code WC67666p2.
Writing Application
359