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From: Calliope, 1990-11 Issue Theme: Byzantium, Constantinople, Istanbul Subject: Ancient Civilizations, Religions, Asia, War, Middle East Time Period: AD1000-1500: Medieval Times Back to Normal View The Crusades The Arab Muslims, who occupied Jerusalem and the Holy Land beginning in the seventh century A.D., were tolerant of Christians, allowing them to live and worship freely there. In the eleventh century A.D., the Seljuk Turks overran Asia Minor and the Holy Land. Gradually, bands of Seljuk Turks spread northward, invading and seizing land belonging to the Byzantine Empire. The emperor of Constantinople, Alexius I (1081–1118), sent envoys to Rome asking Pope Urban II to send help. The response was immediate and overwhelming. Thousands of devoted Christians joined the First Crusade. Pope Urban encouraged the crusade because he hoped it would help reunite the Byzantine Church in the East and the Roman Church in the West. Originally, these two branches had been one church under the authority of the pope in Rome. They had split in 1054 because of differences over the relationship of church and state and the supremacy of the pope. In July 1099, the First Crusade accomplished its goal, as Christians retook Jerusalem for a short time. After the Muslims recaptured the city, the Second and Third crusades marched to the Holy Land. Neither was successful in returning the Holy Land to Christian rule. The Fourth Crusade set out in 1202. This time, the Crusaders traveled first to Venice, Italy, where their leaders had agreed to pay Venetian merchants an enormous sum of money to transport them across the Mediterranean Sea. While the Crusaders were in Venice, the younger cousin of Alexius III, the emperor of Constantinople at the time, petitioned the Crusaders to help him win the Byzantine throne in return for financial and military aid. The Crusaders and the Venetians accepted the offer and set sail not to recover the Holy Land, but to fight in Constantinople. When Alexius's cousin could not afford to pay those who had helped his cause, rioting broke out. In 1204, Constantinople, a city that had withstood attacks for centuries, fell to the Crusaders. In 1261, the Byzantines finally regained control of Constantinople. But while the city was ruled by the Christians, they carried many of its exquisite treasures home to adorn and enrich the cities and culture of the West. See also: Articles from the same subject. Articles from the same time period. Copyright © 2013 Carus Publishing Company Web Site - Contact - Terms of Use