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Chapter 2.3
CARBON COMPOUNDS
LT # 3 :
•ANALYZE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF
CARBON COMPOUNDS AND EXPLAIN
HOW ORGANISMS USE THEM.
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
 What Do I Need To Know?
a. Create models of each organic compound (organic
molecules).
b. Define: monomers, polymers, and macromolecule
c. What is the importance of carbon in forming
macromolecules and/or organic compounds?
d. Define and draw out the processes of dehydration
synthesis and hydrolysis with an example of a
macromolecule or organic compound.
e. Compare/contrast the four organic molecules by
completing the comparison chart of the 4 organic
molecules (given by the teacher).
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Organic chemistry
the study of compounds that contain
bonds between carbon atoms
Inorganic chemistry
the study of all other compounds.
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
The Chemistry of Carbon
four
valence electrons
form strong covalent bonds with
many elements
hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus,
sulfur, and nitrogen.
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
The Chemistry of Carbon
 Carbon
atoms bond to each other –
backbone of organic compounds
single, double, or triple covalent bonds
 Chains
close up on themselves to form rings
 Ability to form millions of different large and
complex structures.
.
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Macromolecules

“Giant molecules,” made
from thousands or even
hundreds of thousands of
smaller molecules.

Polymerization
large compounds are built
by joining smaller ones
together.
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Macromolecules

Monomers
 The smaller units
 may be identical or different.
 join together to form
polymers.

Polymers
 macromolecule

Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Macromolecules
 Macromolecules grouped based on their chemical
composition.
 The four major groups of macromolecules are:
•
•
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Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
How Do You Join Monomers Together?
 Functional Groups
•
Part of organic molecule involved in
bonding
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Functional Groups
Hydroxyl Group -OH
Ex: alcohols
polar (oxygen);
soluble in water
Names typically end in -ol
Ex: Ethanol
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Functional Groups
Carboxyl Group -COOH
Ex: carboxylic acids;
polar
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Functional Groups
Amino Group
-NH2
Called: amines
Ex: amino acids
(have both amino &
carboxyl groups)
http://dl.clackamas.cc.or.us/ch106-05/common.htm
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
How to build a polymer
 Synthesis
 joins
monomers by “taking” H2O out
one monomer donates OH–
other monomer donates H+
together these form H2O
 requires energy & enzymes
HO
H
Dehydration synthesis
H 2O
HO
H
enzyme
Condensation reaction
HO
H
Carbon Compounds
Lesson Overview
How to break down a polymer
Breaking up
is hard to do!
 Digestion

use H2O to breakdown polymers
 reverse of dehydration synthesis
 cleave
 H2O
off one monomer at a time
is split into H+ and OH–
 H+
& OH– attach to ends
 requires enzymes
HO
 releases energy
H2O
enzyme
H
Hydrolysis
HO
H
HO
H
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Carbohydrates
Made up of:
• Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
• H:O ratio 2 : 1
• Functional Group:
•
(-OH) Hydroxyl
• Functions:
•
•
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Main source of energy.
Breakdown of sugars, such as
glucose, supplies immediate energy
for cell activities.
used for structural purposes.
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Simple Sugars
Monosaccharides
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Monomer of carbohydrates
Single sugar molecule
Glucose, galactose, fructose
 C6H12O6 molecular formula
 Function: quick energy use
 Chemical Testing:
Benedicts- positive test (orange)
Iodine: Negative test (yellow)
Examples- fruits, candy
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Isomers
 Molecules with same molecular formula
but different structures (shapes)
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Disaccharides
• Double sugar (2 monosaccharides
joined together by removing water)
• Maltose, Sucrose, Lactose
 Benedicts Test= Negative (Blue)
 Iodine Test = Negative (yellow)
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Complex Carbohydrates
• Large macromolecules formed from many
monosaccharides are known as
polysaccharides.
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Complex Carbohydrates
• Glycogen- polysaccharide in animals
that store excess sugar
• Stored in liver and muscles
• Broken down into glucose when blood
sugar runs low, which is then released
into the blood.
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Complex Carbohydrates
• Plants create polysaccharides called
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•
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Starch- stores excess sugar
Cellulose- forms cell walls gives plants
strong and rigid.
tough, fibrous for plant cell walls
 Benedicts Test= Negative (Blue)
 Iodine Test= Positive (purple, Blue, Black)
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Protein
• Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
(CHON)
• Monomers- amino acids.
• Functional groups: amino group (–NH2) on one end
and a carboxyl group (–COOH) on the other end.


Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Protein Structure and Function
• How do Amino acids differ?
• in a side chain called the R-group, which have a range
•
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of different properties.
Central C bonded to H
More than 20 different amino acids are found in nature.
most diverse macromolecules.
Examples:
•
tryptophan, glycine
• http://www.foodnetwork.com/food-
detectives/index.html
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
How do Proteins form?
 Dehydration synthesis joins 2 amino acids to form




dipeptide
OH from acid(COOH) and H from NH2 forms H2O
C-N bond formed (peptide bond)
many amino acids form polypeptide (many C-N
bond)
polypeptides form protein
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Proteins
How are proteins different?
 differ by number, kind,
sequence of amino acids
Each organism builds own kind of
protein
Chemical Test for Proteins –


Xanthroproteic Test or Nitric Acid Test
- turns yellow
Biuret Test- Turn violet
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Protein
Functions:
• Perform many varied functions
• Controlling the rate of reactions and
regulating cell processes
• Forming cellular structures
• Transporting substances into or out of cells
• Helping to fight disease.
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Lipids
1. Analyze the different types of carbon
compounds and explain how organisms use
them. (2.3)
f. Analyze lipids and explain how organism use them :
 Explain the structure of lipids (what elements compose them, and any





other descriptions to help to identify them)
Describe the function group(s).
Explain the types of monomers and macromolecules of lipids.
Create a model naming, describing, and showing the results of the chemical
tests.
Clarify the function and importance of the different types of lipids.
Identify food examples of lipids.
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Lipids
• Mostly carbon and hydrogen atoms
• Few oxygen atoms
• Generally not soluble in water.
• Categories of lipids are fats, oils, and waxes.
• Long term energy storage- Lots of energy.
 many
C-H bonds store much energy
 Some lipids are important parts of biological
membranes and waterproof coverings.
Functional groups:


glycerol- hydroxyl
fatty acids- carboxyl
Carbon Compounds
Lesson Overview
Fats
 Structure:
 glycerol
+ fatty acid
fatty acid =
long HC “tail” with carboxyl (COOH) group
“head”
enzyme
H2O
dehydration synthesis
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Dehydration synthesis
H2O
dehydration synthesis
enzyme
H2O
enzyme
H2O
enzyme
HO
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Building Fats
 Triglyceride
3
fatty acids linked to glycerol
 Bonds form-between OH & COOH
hydroxyl
carboxyl
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Saturated fats
 All C bonded to H
 Saturates, Single Bond, Solid at room temperature(S3)
 No C=C double bonds
 long,
straight chain
 most animal fats
contributes to
cardiovascular disease
(atherosclerosis)
= plaque deposits
 butter, lard, animal fat, palm and coconut oil
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Unsaturated fats
 C=C double bonds in
the fatty acids
 plant & fish fats
 vegetable oils
 liquid at room temperature
the kinks made by double
bonded C prevent the
molecules from packing
tightly together
 soybean, canola, safflower, corn,
olive, peanut, sunflower
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Lipids
• Unsaturated fats- at least one carbon-carbon
double bond in a fatty acid
• 1 C-C double bond = monounsaturated
• 2+ double bond = polyunsaturated.
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Saturated vs. unsaturated
saturated
unsaturated
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Lipids

What conclusion can you make
based on the information in the table?
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Complex Lipids
• Triglycerides
•
3 fatty acids + 1glycerol
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Complex Lipids
• Phospholipid
•
2 fatty acids + 1glycerol + 1 phosphate group
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Complex Lipids
• Wax
•
•
Long fatty acid chain and long alcohol chain
protective coating on plants, protective earwax
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Complex Lipids
• Steroids
•
4 fused carbon rings
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
How The Body Uses Fats
Functions:
 energy storage
protect organs
Insulation
store vitamins (A,D,E,K)
myelin sheath (nerves)
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Lipid Chemical Tests
Chemical Tests Brown Paper Bag- translucent spot on brown bag
 Solubility Test- mixed with lighter fluid
 Sudan IV- separate out and turn red
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Nucleic Acids
•
•
Stores and transmits hereditary, or genetic,
information.
macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus.
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Nucleic Acids
Monomer:
 Nucleotides consist of three
parts:
• a 5-carbon sugar,
• a phosphate group (–PO4)
• a nitrogenous base.
Lesson Overview
Carbon Compounds
Nucleic Acids
 Individual nucleotides can
be joined by covalent
bonds to form a
polynucleotide, or nucleic
acid.
 Two kinds of nucleic acids
(polmers):
 ribonucleic acid (RNA)
 deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA).