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Chapter 2.3 CARBON COMPOUNDS LT # 3 : •ANALYZE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF CARBON COMPOUNDS AND EXPLAIN HOW ORGANISMS USE THEM. Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds What Do I Need To Know? a. Create models of each organic compound (organic molecules). b. Define: monomers, polymers, and macromolecule c. What is the importance of carbon in forming macromolecules and/or organic compounds? d. Define and draw out the processes of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis with an example of a macromolecule or organic compound. e. Compare/contrast the four organic molecules by completing the comparison chart of the 4 organic molecules (given by the teacher). Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Organic chemistry the study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms Inorganic chemistry the study of all other compounds. Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds The Chemistry of Carbon four valence electrons form strong covalent bonds with many elements hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and nitrogen. Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds The Chemistry of Carbon Carbon atoms bond to each other – backbone of organic compounds single, double, or triple covalent bonds Chains close up on themselves to form rings Ability to form millions of different large and complex structures. . Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Macromolecules “Giant molecules,” made from thousands or even hundreds of thousands of smaller molecules. Polymerization large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together. Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Macromolecules Monomers The smaller units may be identical or different. join together to form polymers. Polymers macromolecule Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Macromolecules Macromolecules grouped based on their chemical composition. The four major groups of macromolecules are: • • • • Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds How Do You Join Monomers Together? Functional Groups • Part of organic molecule involved in bonding Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Functional Groups Hydroxyl Group -OH Ex: alcohols polar (oxygen); soluble in water Names typically end in -ol Ex: Ethanol Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Functional Groups Carboxyl Group -COOH Ex: carboxylic acids; polar Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Functional Groups Amino Group -NH2 Called: amines Ex: amino acids (have both amino & carboxyl groups) http://dl.clackamas.cc.or.us/ch106-05/common.htm Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds How to build a polymer Synthesis joins monomers by “taking” H2O out one monomer donates OH– other monomer donates H+ together these form H2O requires energy & enzymes HO H Dehydration synthesis H 2O HO H enzyme Condensation reaction HO H Carbon Compounds Lesson Overview How to break down a polymer Breaking up is hard to do! Digestion use H2O to breakdown polymers reverse of dehydration synthesis cleave H2O off one monomer at a time is split into H+ and OH– H+ & OH– attach to ends requires enzymes HO releases energy H2O enzyme H Hydrolysis HO H HO H Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Carbohydrates Made up of: • Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms • H:O ratio 2 : 1 • Functional Group: • (-OH) Hydroxyl • Functions: • • • Main source of energy. Breakdown of sugars, such as glucose, supplies immediate energy for cell activities. used for structural purposes. Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Simple Sugars Monosaccharides • • • Monomer of carbohydrates Single sugar molecule Glucose, galactose, fructose C6H12O6 molecular formula Function: quick energy use Chemical Testing: Benedicts- positive test (orange) Iodine: Negative test (yellow) Examples- fruits, candy Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Isomers Molecules with same molecular formula but different structures (shapes) Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Disaccharides • Double sugar (2 monosaccharides joined together by removing water) • Maltose, Sucrose, Lactose Benedicts Test= Negative (Blue) Iodine Test = Negative (yellow) Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Complex Carbohydrates • Large macromolecules formed from many monosaccharides are known as polysaccharides. Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Complex Carbohydrates • Glycogen- polysaccharide in animals that store excess sugar • Stored in liver and muscles • Broken down into glucose when blood sugar runs low, which is then released into the blood. Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Complex Carbohydrates • Plants create polysaccharides called • • • Starch- stores excess sugar Cellulose- forms cell walls gives plants strong and rigid. tough, fibrous for plant cell walls Benedicts Test= Negative (Blue) Iodine Test= Positive (purple, Blue, Black) Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Protein • Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (CHON) • Monomers- amino acids. • Functional groups: amino group (–NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (–COOH) on the other end. Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Protein Structure and Function • How do Amino acids differ? • in a side chain called the R-group, which have a range • • • • of different properties. Central C bonded to H More than 20 different amino acids are found in nature. most diverse macromolecules. Examples: • tryptophan, glycine • http://www.foodnetwork.com/food- detectives/index.html Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds How do Proteins form? Dehydration synthesis joins 2 amino acids to form dipeptide OH from acid(COOH) and H from NH2 forms H2O C-N bond formed (peptide bond) many amino acids form polypeptide (many C-N bond) polypeptides form protein Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Proteins How are proteins different? differ by number, kind, sequence of amino acids Each organism builds own kind of protein Chemical Test for Proteins – Xanthroproteic Test or Nitric Acid Test - turns yellow Biuret Test- Turn violet Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Protein Functions: • Perform many varied functions • Controlling the rate of reactions and regulating cell processes • Forming cellular structures • Transporting substances into or out of cells • Helping to fight disease. Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Lipids 1. Analyze the different types of carbon compounds and explain how organisms use them. (2.3) f. Analyze lipids and explain how organism use them : Explain the structure of lipids (what elements compose them, and any other descriptions to help to identify them) Describe the function group(s). Explain the types of monomers and macromolecules of lipids. Create a model naming, describing, and showing the results of the chemical tests. Clarify the function and importance of the different types of lipids. Identify food examples of lipids. Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Lipids • Mostly carbon and hydrogen atoms • Few oxygen atoms • Generally not soluble in water. • Categories of lipids are fats, oils, and waxes. • Long term energy storage- Lots of energy. many C-H bonds store much energy Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings. Functional groups: glycerol- hydroxyl fatty acids- carboxyl Carbon Compounds Lesson Overview Fats Structure: glycerol + fatty acid fatty acid = long HC “tail” with carboxyl (COOH) group “head” enzyme H2O dehydration synthesis Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Dehydration synthesis H2O dehydration synthesis enzyme H2O enzyme H2O enzyme HO Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Building Fats Triglyceride 3 fatty acids linked to glycerol Bonds form-between OH & COOH hydroxyl carboxyl Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Saturated fats All C bonded to H Saturates, Single Bond, Solid at room temperature(S3) No C=C double bonds long, straight chain most animal fats contributes to cardiovascular disease (atherosclerosis) = plaque deposits butter, lard, animal fat, palm and coconut oil Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Unsaturated fats C=C double bonds in the fatty acids plant & fish fats vegetable oils liquid at room temperature the kinks made by double bonded C prevent the molecules from packing tightly together soybean, canola, safflower, corn, olive, peanut, sunflower Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Lipids • Unsaturated fats- at least one carbon-carbon double bond in a fatty acid • 1 C-C double bond = monounsaturated • 2+ double bond = polyunsaturated. Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Saturated vs. unsaturated saturated unsaturated Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Lipids What conclusion can you make based on the information in the table? Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Complex Lipids • Triglycerides • 3 fatty acids + 1glycerol Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Complex Lipids • Phospholipid • 2 fatty acids + 1glycerol + 1 phosphate group Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Complex Lipids • Wax • • Long fatty acid chain and long alcohol chain protective coating on plants, protective earwax Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Complex Lipids • Steroids • 4 fused carbon rings Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds How The Body Uses Fats Functions: energy storage protect organs Insulation store vitamins (A,D,E,K) myelin sheath (nerves) Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Lipid Chemical Tests Chemical Tests Brown Paper Bag- translucent spot on brown bag Solubility Test- mixed with lighter fluid Sudan IV- separate out and turn red Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Nucleic Acids • • Stores and transmits hereditary, or genetic, information. macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus. Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Nucleic Acids Monomer: Nucleotides consist of three parts: • a 5-carbon sugar, • a phosphate group (–PO4) • a nitrogenous base. Lesson Overview Carbon Compounds Nucleic Acids Individual nucleotides can be joined by covalent bonds to form a polynucleotide, or nucleic acid. Two kinds of nucleic acids (polmers): ribonucleic acid (RNA) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
