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European Timeline: 3500 - 2600 BC Minoan people settled the island of Crete, became an important maritime power trading with Egypt and Asia Minor 3000 BC Aegeans and Minoans developed bronze tools and trade networks 3100 - 2400 BC Construction of Stonehenge completed in England in multiple phases 2500 - 2000 BC Use of bronze tools spread across mainland Europe 1900 - 1600 BC Mycenaean Age began, Mycenaean people spread across the Greek mainland 1627 BC Thera Volcano erupted, decimated nearby Minoan settlements, changed the climate of the entire region 1420 BC Mycenaeans occupied the Minoan cities on Crete 1104 BC Phoenicians founded the city of Cadiz in present day Spain 1085 BC Madrid founded 900 - 800 BC Greek city states founded. Greeks modified the Phoenician alphabet to create the Greek alphabet 776 753 600 550 546 BC BC BC BC BC First Olympic games held in Delphi Rome founded The Forum built in Rome World wonder, the Temple of Artemis completed in Ephesus Cyrus the Great proclaimed "King of the Persian Empire" 500 - 400 BC 509 BC Romans converted to a republic form of government 470 - 399 BC The Greek philosopher, Socrates, developed the Socratic method of inquiry and the beginnings of ethics. He also contributed to philosophical thought. 466 - 456 BC World wonder, the Statue of Zeus at Olympia is completed 428 - 348 BC Plato, a student of Socrates, founded one of the earliest organized schools in western civilization, influenced studies of mathematics and philosophy throughout the known world. 400 - 100 BC 384 - 322 BC Aristotle, a student of Plato, developed formal logic, the camera obscura, the beginnings of the scientific method, and zoology 353 - 350 BC World wonder, the Mausoleum at Harlicarnassus was completed in modern day Turkey 331 - 334 BC Alexander the Great conquered the entire Persian Empire 312 BC The first Roman aqueduct, Aqua Appia, was constructed 292 - 280 BC World wonder, the Colossus of Rhodes is completed. Stood over 30 m (107 ft) high. 100 - 0 BC 70 - 1 BC The poet Virgil wrote the Aenid 44 BC Gaius Julius Caesar assassinated on the Ides of March 30 BC Egypt became a Roman province. Roman general, Mark Anthony and Egyptian pharaoh, Cleopatra committed suicide 27 BC Rome's republic ended and the empire began. Augustus Caesar was sole ruler of the Roman Empire 7 BC - 4 CE Rome conquered Judea in modern day Israel. Jesus of Nazareth was born in this Judean province. 0 - 400 CE 50 -43 Romans conquered Britain, founded the city of London 80 The Colosseum was built in Rome 122 Hadrian's Wall was built in northern England 200 - 300 Germanic tribes such as the Ostrogoths and Visigoths began to organize 306 - 322 Constantine declared emperor of the Roman empire. He ended persecution of Christians and converts to Christianity 325 Ecumenical Council of Nicea convened to develop Nicene Creed, set the date for Easter, and homogenized Christian beliefs 400 - 600 Decline of the Roman Empire 400 - 900 CE 710 - 730 Muslim forces crossed the Strait of Gibraltar, conquered Spain 741 - 813 Charlemagne expanded the Frankish empire to include modern day Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, northern Italy, and northern Spain. 793 - 802 Viking settlers expanded from Scandinavia outwards to northern England, Ireland, and northern France. 825 Vikings arrived at Iceland 843 Viking settlers founded Dublin 859 Russian city of Novogrod founded 872 Harold I unified all of Norway 886 - 911 Viking leader Rollo sacked Paris and in a treaty, was given the region of Normandy in France 900 - 1100 962 The Saxon leader Otto I crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope 982 - 985 Viking explorer Erik the Red banished from Iceland and subsequently discovered Greenland 1025 Poland declared independence from the Holy Roman Empire, emerged as major European power 1057 William the Conqueror conquered all of England for France 1066 Tower of London constructed 1096 - 1300 The Crusades began causing many Muslim and Christian deaths. Crusaders battled across the Middle East and Spain. 1100 - 1400 1144 Gothic architecture gained prominence 1237 Mongols crossed the Ural mountains and ruled Russia 1252 The Inquisition began, torture approved in cases of religious disobedience 1347 - 1350 The Black Death struck Europe killing an estimated 30 - 60% of Europe's population 1350 - 1500 The Renaissance began in Italy 1400 - 1700 1430 Joan of Arc was burned at the stake for leading French troops 1434 The Medici family rose to power in Italy, Cosimio de Medici became ruler of Florence 1492 Columbus began his exploration of the New World 1492 Gutenberg Bible printed using moveable type 1500 - 1600 English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Dutch colonies were founded throughout the New World and Africa 1503 1517 1588 1600 1687 Da Vinci painted the Mona Lisa The Protestant reformation began England defeated the Spanish Armada and gained control of the seas Galileo challenged geocentric view of the universe Isaac Newton founded Newtonian physics 1700 - 1900 1750 1789 1792 1802 1804 - 1850 English Industrial Revolution began French revolution stormed the Bastille - 1821 Napoleon conquered much of Europe for the French Ludwig van Beethoven performed Moonlight Sonata Napolean proclaimed Emperor of France 1845 - 1849 Irish potato famine killed approximately 1 million Irish 1848 Karl Marx argued for socialism, revolutions occurred in Europe; issued Communist Manifesto 1859 Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species 1860 - 1869 Italy and Germany unified into modern countries 1900 - 2000 1914 - 1918 World War I occurred throughout Europe 1930's Great Depression weakened European economies 1933 Adolf Hitler became Chancellor Germany 1939 Winston Churchill became prime minister of Britain 1939 - 1945 World War II occurred throughout the world. Hitler created concentration camps for Jews. Russia expanded their country. Mussolini overthrown in Italy. 1944 D-Day landing in Normandy by allies 1945 Hitler committed suicide; Germany surrendered 1946 - 1990 Cold War took place between USSR and the United States 1957 USSR launched Sputnik into space 1978 World's first successful &test-tube& baby born in Great Britain 1989 Poland overthrew communism. Tim Berners-Lee of Great Britain, created the World Wide Web. Berlin Wall demolished 1991 USSR collapsed, Cold War ended 1992 Maasricht treaty created European Union 1995 CERN in Switzerland created antihydrogen atoms 2002 The European Union released the Euro as a new form of currency 2003 Ten thousand people died in heat wave in France 2005 French protestors rioted in the streets. Pope John Paul II died. Bomb attack on three of London's underground trains killed 56, injured over 700 2007 - 2009 Russia attacked Georgia 2008 Former Bosnian Serb President Radovan Karadzic arrested on charges of genocide 2010 Polish President, Lech Kaczynski and 96 other passengers and crew, killed in airplane crash 2011 Greeks rioted in the streets over government and economic troubles