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Name: ________________________________________________ UNIT: Middle East Part 2 pd. ________ World Cultures Study Guide Use these guiding questions and key terms to help focus your preparation for the exam. Remember to study ACTIVELY! Vocabulary: (define these terms) caliph secularism mandate embargo nationalism Pan-Arabism imperialism fundamentalism inflation Zionism theocracy sphere of influence Sharia refugee Occupied Territory Sunni Shi’a Islam Why did the Islamic community divide? How did this ‘split’ impact the expansion of Islam? Sunni and Shi’a Islamic Empire (632 AD - 1258 AD) How did Islam spread so quickly? How did the location of Arabia (and Mecca) impact trade (and expansion) in the Islamic Empire? Umayyad Caliphate o Who are Muhammad, Abu Bakr and Umar? Abbasid Caliphate o Where was the Abbasid Caliphate centered? o How did science, mathematics and education influence the Abbasids? In what ways did the Islamic religion shape how the Muslim culture developed? What is the impact of Islam on the Middle East? North Africa? Spain? Why did the empire collapse in 1258? Ottoman Empire (1299 AD – 1919 AD) Suleiman the Magnificent o What was the relationship between Suleiman and his advisors? What role did they play? What were they called? o What public works did Suleiman undertake? How did this affect his empire? What was the millet system? Why was it important? Explain the three social classes of the Ottoman Empire: Viziers, Reaya, Janissaries. Explain the Siege of Vienna and Suleiman’s relationship to Charles V. How did this impact the Ottoman Empire? WWI and the Ottoman Empire o Effect of WWI upon Ottoman Empire. o What happened as the Ottoman Empire broke apart in 1919 AD? Explain the provisions of and differences between the McMahon-Hussein Agreement and the Skyes – Picot Agreement. (over) Modern Islamic World (1919 AD – present) Reforms of Kemal Ataturk (Turkey) Reforms of Muhammad Ali (Egypt) Explain the importance of the Suez Canal and the Suez Crisis of 1956. Why was Nasser an Egyptian hero? Explain OPEC and its goal during the 1973 oil crises. Arab Israeli Conflict (1948 – present) Which (two) groups which claim Israel? What is the result of these conflicting claims? What is the Balfour Declaration? Explain the problems with the theory of Pan – Arabism. Why did many Jews leave Europe and settle in Palestine? What was the relationship between Palestinian Arabs and Jewish settlers? Describe the reaction of both Palestinians and Jews to the 1947 UN Partition of Palestine. Explain the Arab view of Israel. List the three occupied territories. What is the goal of the PLO? Why did its emergence concern the world? Are there divisions within Israeli population over this issue? Explain. What major problems exist between Israel and its neighboring countries? What major problems exist between the Palestinians and Israelis? All information above this line will be relevant for quiz #1 Terrorist Organization or Islamic Fundamentalist Group?: For each group below, identify the acronym (if relevant), and explain: 1. Where the group was founded; what were the founding goals (list 2) 2. Is the group a terrorist organization or Islamic fundamentalist group? 3. In which country/conflicts is the group active today? PLO Hamas Hezbollah Wahhabis Taliban Al Qaeda (and its network) Naqshabandis Modern Middle Eastern Conflicts (1970s – present) Iranian Revolution Who is Reza Khan? How did he seek to modernize Iran? List the social and economic reforms made by the shah. Why did Iranians support these reforms? Who was the leader of the Islamic Revolution? What type of government did he establish? Describe the Iran Hostage Crisis causes and effects. Iran – Iraq War Origins of Iran –Iraq War of 1980. Why did Iran – Iraq War involve other nations? Identify US position on the Iran – Iraq War of 1980. (over) 1st Gulf War (Desert Storm) Why did the Iraqis invade Kuwait? What were the goals of Desert Storm? Explain Operation Iraqi Freedom. Why was it difficult to create a new democracy in Iraq? What ethnic group was persecuted by the Iraqis? Afghanistan (Soviet-Afghani War; US War on Terror) Why did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan? How did the US respond? What was the result of this conflict? (ie who came to power?) Why did the US invade Afghanistan? List 3 goals of the current US operation in Afghanistan. All information above this line (excluding information from Quiz #1) will be relevant for Quiz #2 Syrian Civil War List the causes of the Syrian Civil War. Where did the war begin? What particular event was the catalyst? What regional issue has the civil war exacerbated? (list 2) Describe the world reaction/action with regard to Syria (consider the UN, US, and Russia) Why is this civil war important throughout the region? The world? Middle East Today (2012 – present) What is the Arab Spring? What was the role of technology in spreading the Arab Spring? Why is does the US continue to care about the developments in the Middle East