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SYLLABUS 9/30/15-12/2/15 VERBS 1. CATEGORIES OF VERBS Verbs fall into three categories: action, helping, and linking. ACTION VERBS Definition: Action verbs name a physical or mental (abstract) action. Cats meow loudly. (physical) Trucks speed down the highway. (physical) Waves crash on the shore. (physical) Students learn new material. (abstract) Action verbs can be transitive or intransitive. Transitive action verbs "transfer" their action to a direct object. Intransitive action verbs have nothing to "transfer" their action to. The actress wiped the tears from her eyes. (transitive Wiped what? Wiped tears.) The windshield wipers moved across the windshield. (intransitive - Wiped what? Nothing.) Practice: what are the action verbs? When you ride your jetski, always wear your life jacket. If you cook that chicken, please thaw it first. When I watch movies, I always eat popcorn. I used my new camera when I took those pictures. The principal walked into the classroom, sat in the back row, and observed the class. The fire burned in the fireplace as the children ate marshmallows. My little cousin often pretends that she understands what our dog says. My sister jumped into the pool and splashed water all over the dry towels. On Saturdays we cook tacos and eat them while we watch T-V. MORE ON TRANSITIVE VERSUS INTRANSATIVE ACTION VERBS AND DIRECT OBJECTS TRANSITIVE VERBS A transitive verb has two characteristics. First, it is an action verb, expressing a an activity that someone or something does. Here are some examples: kick, want, paint, write, eat, clean. Second, a transitive verb must have a direct object. A direct object is something or someone who receives the action of the verb. Here are some examples of transitive verbs: Sylvia kicked Juan under the table. Kicked = transitive verb; Juan = direct object. Joshua wants a smile from Sally. Wants = transitive verb; smile = direct object. Sam painted the canvas in Jackson Pollock fashion, adding bright colors from a heavily soaked brush. Painted = transitive verb; canvas = direct object. Alice wrote a love poem on a restaurant napkin. Wrote = transitive verb; poem = direct object. Antonio eats lima beans soaked in brown gravy. Eats = transitive verb; lima beans = direct object. Pinky the poodle cleans the dirty supper dishes with his tongue before Grandma loads the "prewashed" items into dishwasher. Cleans, loads = transitive verbs; dishes, items = direct objects. Important note: When no direct object follows an action verb, the verb is intransitive. DIRECT OBJECTS A direct object follows a transitive verb [a type of action verb]. Direct objects can be nouns, pronouns, phrases, or clauses. If you can identify the subject and verb in a sentence, then finding the direct object—if one exists—is easy. Just remember this simple formula: Subject + Verb + what? or who? = Direct Object Here are examples of the formula in action: Zippy and Maurice played soccer with a grapefruit pulled from a backyard tree. Zippy, Maurice = subjects; played = verb. Zippy and Maurice played what? Soccer = direct object. Zippy played soccer with Maurice. Zippy = subject; played = verb. Zippy played what? Soccer = direct object. Zippy accidentally kicked Maurice in the shin. Zippy = subject; kicked = verb. Zippy kicked who (or what)? Maurice = direct object. Zippy accidentally kicked him in the shin. Zippy = subject; kicked = verb. Zippy kicked who? Him = direct object. Sometimes direct objects are single words like soccer and Maurice; other times they are phrases or clauses. The formula nevertheless works the same. Tom hates biting his fingernails. Tom = subject; hates = verb. Tom hates what? Biting his fingernails [a gerund phrase] = direct object. Sally hates when Mom lectures her about hand care. Sally = subject; hates = verb. Sally hates what? When Mom lectures her about hand care [a subordinate clause] = direct object. INTRANSITIVE VERBS An intransitive verb has two characteristics. First, it is an action verb, expressing a doable activity like arrive, go, lie, sneeze, sit, die, etc. Second, unlike a transitive verb, it will not have a direct object receiving the action. Here are some examples of intransitive verbs: We arrived at the classroom door with only seven seconds to spare. Arrived = intransitive verb. James went to the campus cafe for a bowl of stew. Went = intransitive verb. To escape the midday sun, the cats lie in the shade under our car. Lie = intransitive verb. Sheryl sneezes with violence when she is around black pepper. Sneezes = intransitive verb. Glenda sits on the front porch in the evenings to admire her beautiful lawn. Sits = intransitive verb. The beetle that Clara soaked with poison died under the refrigerator. Died = intransitive verb. REALIZE THAT MANY VERBS CAN BE BOTH TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE. An action verb with a direct object is transitive while an action verb with no direct object is intransitive. Some verbs, such as arrive, go, lie, sneeze, sit, and die, are always intransitive; it is impossible for a direct object to follow. Other action verbs, however, can be transitive or intransitive, depending on what follows in the sentence. Compare these examples: Rosa always eats before leaving for school. Eats = intransitive verb. Rosa usually eats whole-grain cereal if there is no leftover pizza. Eats = transitive verb; cereal = direct object. During cross-country practice, Damien runs over hills, through fields, across the river, and along the highway. Runs = intransitive verb. Damien ran his first marathon yesterday. Ran = transitive verb; marathon = direct object. HELPING VERBS. Definition: The second verb category is helping verbs, sometimes called auxiliary verbs. Helping verbs help the main verb show tense or possibility. Helping verbs + main verbs = verb phrases. The main verb is always the last verb in the phrase. The three most common helping verbs are: 1. to be: am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been These are used in progressive tenses and passive voice verbs. Definition of progressive tense: a verb tense that is used to refer to an action or a state that is continuing to happen. A progressive verb form in English consists of a form of the verb “to be” followed by the main verb's present participle. Definition of present participle: the form of the main verb ending in “ing”. I am writing a full sentence. I was writing a full sentence. I am working in the garden. I was working in the garden when you called me. A participle (past or present) is a verb form used with an second verb like to be or to have to indicate tense, aspect, or voice, as the past participle baked in this passive sentence: The beans were baked too long. A participle can also be used as an adjective, even though it is a verb form: The baked beans tasted very good. Definition of passive tense or passive voice: The voice of a verb refers to the form of the verb used in relation to what the subject is doing. In English there are only two voices-- passive and active. The passive voice of a verb simply means the form of the verb used when the subject is being acted upon rather than doing something. The passive voice is formed by taking the appropriate tense of the verb “to be” and adding the past participle. Past participle: the form of the main verb often (but not always) ending in “ed”, the same as the simple past tense. (A participle is a verb form.) The project was reviewed by the committee. The sentence was written by me. The active versions of these sentences: The committee reviewed the project. I wrote the sentence. Writing style pointer: In most writing, use the active voice. It is more direct and less ambiguous. The passive should be used only if the person doing the action is unknown or unimportant, or if more emphasis is put on the receiver of the action than the doer. Doer unknown: His car was stolen last week. Doer unimportant: The bells were rung to announce the wedding. Emphasize receiver: Tony was hit by the baseball. 2. to have: have, has, had, having These are used in perfect tenses. Definition of Perfect Tenses The three perfect tenses (past, present, and future) which show action already completed. (The verb to perfect literally means "made complete" or "completely done.") The perfect tenses are formed by the appropriate tense of the verb to have plus the past participle of the verb. Present Perfect: I have seen it. (Present tense of to have plus participle. Action is completed with respect to the present.) Past Perfect: I had seen it. (Past tense of to have plus participle. Action is completed with respect to the past.) Future Perfect: I will have seen it. (Future tense of to have plus participle. Action is completed with respect to the future.) 3. to do: do, does, did, doing, done These are emphatic verbs. They don't change tense. They just emphasize the main verb. I do know your uncle. 4. Conditional Verbs: could, should, would, can, shall, will, may, might, must These express possibility, obligation, permission, ability, necessity, and intention. I could play basketball. (It is a possibility that I will be able to.) I should play basketball. (I have an obligation to do it.) I would play basketball. (It is a possibility under certain conditions.) I can play basketball. (I am able to do it.) I will play basketball. (It is my intention in the future.) I may play basketball. (I have permission to do it, or it is a possibility.) I might play basketball. (It is a possibility.) I must play basketball. (It is a necessity.) Challenge 1: Watch out for questions! The subject of the question is often between the helping verb and the main verb. If you keep all the words and rearrange the sentence to a declarative sentence, it may be easier to find the verb phrase. Are you coming to my party? You are coming to my party. Challenge 2: Sometimes the verb phrase can be interrupted by an adverb. Be careful not to include the adverb in the verb phrase. The girl was quickly running up the stairs. Better: The girl was running quickly up the stairs. Note: don't, doesn't, and didn't are contractions for do not, does not, and did not. The not is not a helping verb. Practice: What are the complete verb phrases? Tomorrow we will be playing soccer. You should have cleaned your room. Sam did do the dishes. Should you be eating that much candy? Early scientists must have wondered about the strange animals at the bottom of the ocean. A car must have driven here on the beach. St. Augustine, Florida would have been a hot place to live in the 1600s. Have you been doing your homework? That satellite rocket should have launched by now. My four canaries could have flown away. More Practice: Show only the helping verbs (not the complete verb phrase) You should have been practicing your free throws before the last game. We might be seeing the pyramids on our trip to Egypt. That picture may have been cut out of a medieval book. That crash must have been caused by texting while driving. We will not be shopping at the mall on Black Friday. Can you help me find my lost keys? We would have been here on time if Sam had not broken his ankle. My aunt and uncle will soon be visiting us for the summer. Hannukah and Thanksgiving were celebrated on the same day in 2013. LINKING VERBS Definition: Unlike action verbs, linking verbs show a relationship between the subject of the sentence and a noun or adjective being linked to it. Adverbs do not follow a linking verb. We usually place adjectives before a noun: The good book. but sometimes we place it after a noun and join the two with a “linking” verb: The book is good. Linking verbs suggest a state of being My cat is furry. (Cat and furry are linked because furry describes the cat.) We can also “link” a noun to the subject to show a relationship between the two. My dog is an Akita. (Dog and Akita are linked because they are the same thing.) George is a doctor. (George and doctor are linked because they are the same thing. The most common linking verbs are forms of the verb to be (am, is, are, was, were, being, been). Other common linking verbs include: appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, and turn. Milk may turn sour. I feel refreshed. To check if these are being used as linking verbs, try replacing them with the correct form of to be. If they make sense and have almost the same meaning, they are linking verbs. Laurie appears tired. Laurie is tired. NOTE ABOUT THE VERB “TO BE” (am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been) The verb to be can be used as 3 different types of verbs. State-of-being (action): Wendell is here. (Wendell is being, and he's doing it here.) Helping: Irena is listening to the teacher. (Is helps listening show that it is ongoing.) Linking: Daphne is kind. (Is links Daphne and the adjective kind.) 2. PRINCIPAL PARTS OF VERBS Definition: In English there are four principal parts, or forms, of a verb. English uses helping verbs and the four principal parts to show the tenses. base/present present participle past past participle walk(s) walking walked walked dance(s) dancing danced danced study(s) studying studied studied Definition of participle: A form of a verb that is used to indicate a past or present action and that can also be used like an adjective In the phrases “the finishing touches” and “the finished product,” “finishing” and “finished” are participles formed from the verb “finish.” Definition of present participle: A verb form that ends in “-ing” and that is used with “be” to refer to action that is happening at the time of speaking or a time spoken of. The verbs “dancing” in “He was dancing” and “crying” in “The baby is crying” are present participles. The present participle can also be used before a noun like an adjective. the crying baby the rising tide Definition of past participle: The form of the verb that is used with “have” in perfect tenses. A past participle indicates past or completed action or time. It is often called the 'ed' form as it is formed by adding “d” or “ed”, to the base form of regular verbs. However it is also formed in various other ways for irregular verbs. The verbs “walked” in “the dog has been walked” and “raised” in “many hands were raised” are past participles. Use of simple past tense and past participle: When to use the simple past tense We use the simple past tense for actions that began and finished in the past. We do not have to say exactly when. The important thing is that it happened and is not happening now. I walked to the store. When to use the past participle The PAST PERFECT TENSE indicates that an action was completed (finished or "perfected") at some point in the past before something else happened. This tense is formed with the past tense form of "to have" (HAD) plus the past participle of the verb. Note: For regular verbs (discussed next), the past participle will be the same as the past tense. Past tense: I walked to the store yesterday. Past perfect tense: I had walked to the store before my sister called me. For irregular verbs, the word form for the past participle can be very different from the form of the past tense. Past tense: I saw the movie yesterday. Past perfect tense: I had seen the movie before I read any reviews of it. A past participle can also be used in forming perfect and passive tenses and sometimes as an adjective. 2-A Regular Verbs: Base/Present - same as infinitive without to. Add -s to form third person singular. I talk. He talks Present Participle - add -ing. I am talking. He is talking. Past - add –ed. Past Participle - add –ed I talked. He talked. I had talked. He had talked. Note: Participles function as part of a verb phrase. Participles cannot be used as verbs by themselves. They must have a helping verb in order to make sense. My sister is walking to school today. We had walked the dog before leaving the house. 2-B Irregular Verbs: Definition: Irregular verbs are verbs that do not form the past tense and participle by adding-ed. All irregular verbs, like regular verbs, form the present participle by adding -ing. Irregular verbs may change vowels, consonants, both vowels and consonants, or may stay the same. Infinitive Present Tense Present Participle Past Tense Past Participle To run run(s) running ran run To drive drive(s) driving drove driven To begin begin(s) beginning began begun The verb to be is the most irregular verb in English. Infinitive Present Tense Present Participle Past Tense Past Participle to be Being was / were been am / are / is Irregular verbs can be sorted into groups by pattern, but the patterns don't help you remember the forms. For the most part, these need to be memorized. Most people memorize them simply by hearing them, reading them, or being corrected. The patterns are: present, past, and past participle are the same (put/put/put) past and past participle are the same (catch/caught/caught) past + n or en forms past participle (freeze/froze/frozen) present + n/en/ne forms past participle (do/did/done) final vowel changes from i in present to “a” in past or to “u” in past participle. (begin/began/begun) Hint: If you are not sure, look up the verb in the dictionary. If the verb is irregular, the dictionary will give you the past and past participle form. SPELLING ISSUES WHEN ADDING ENDINGS TO VERBS When adding endings to verbs, you sometimes have to change the spelling. Do change: Single syllable verbs generally double the consonant when adding -ing and -ed. shop + s = shops, shop + ing = shopping, shop + ed = shopped Verbs that end with a single vowel and a consonant that stress the end of the word usually double the consonant before adding -ing and -ed. refer + s = refers, refer + ing = referring, refer + ed = referred To add -s or -ed to verbs that end in consonant y, change y to i before adding the ending. To add -ing, don't change the y. carry + s = carries, carry + ing = carrying, carry + ed = carried To add -ed or -ing to verbs that end in silent e, drop the e before adding -ed or -ing. amaze + s = amazes, amaze + ing = amazing, amaze + ed = amazed Verbs that end in a vowel followed by an l usually do not double the l before adding -ed or –ing (in the U.S.). travel + s = travels, travel + ing = traveling, travel + ed = traveled. Verbs that end in c usually add k before adding endings. frolic + s = frolics, frolic + ing = frolicking, frolic + ed = frolicked Don't change: If the verb ends with a single vowel before a consonant, but the last syllable is not stressed, don't double the consonant. wander + s = wanders, wander + ing = wandering, wander + ed = wandered Verbs with a double vowel before a consonant do not double the consonant. retreat + s = retreats, retreat + ing = retreating, retreat + ed = retreated