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PHIL 1003: Ethics and Society Introduction Dr Alexandra Cook What is a “university”? • Tertiary institution—next step after secondary studies • Medieval universities—humanities, theology, medicine and law • Connotes: – universality (universe), whole – all-encompassing human knowledge, – academic freedom: free and open discussion of ideas without external interference. What we do • Think critically; • Ask questions; • Do not expect final, definitive answers to philosophical questions! • E.g. what is the good life, and how do we live it? • What is morality? • Should we be moral? Ethics It’s all around us! What are “ethics”? • From Greek and Latin words for manners; • Ethics refers to how we conduct ourselves in relation to others. Examples of ethical questions – Is it all right to lie or steal in certain situations? – Must we report a crime committed by a friend? – May stockbrokers take funds entrusted to them by investors? – May corporations pollute the environment? – Is it all right to accept a bribe? – May politicians lie to the people? Fields of applied ethics • • • • • Business/corporate ethics Ethical investing/Islamic finance Media ethics Computer ethics Professional ethics, codes of – Legal ethics: the Bar – Medical ethics, code of the AMA – Scientific research: human/animal subjects. What is “society”? • From Latin, “socius,” companion • A group of people formed for any reason, – e.g. people born in Hong Kong • Aristotle: highest society is the polis— – organized to achieve the highest good of which man is capable. Examples – to pursue common interests, hobbies – to achieve political ends, e.g. a political party – to organize social events, for fun, e.g. the Philosophy Society; – to change how we behave toward the environment: e.g. Green Sense. Example of a Society: HKU Philosophy Dept Ethics and Society topics – – – – – – – – What is morality? Do we really value it? Plato Virtue/happiness, the Polis: Aristotle Religion as basis for moral society: Augustine Rulers/states should not be moral: Machiavelli Society based on rights of men: Locke, Rousseau Liberalism: Mill Society based on interests of workers: Marx Environmental ethics: Leopold, Serres, and Gore.