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Forces of Nature Author: Marilyn Baker Illustrator: Jamie Pogue © SNAP! Learning Inc. 2012 2490 W. Shaw Ave. #200 Fresno, Ca 93711 855.200.SNAP www.snaplearning.net ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. This book contains material protected under International and Federal Copyright Laws and Treaties. Any unauthorized reprint or use of this material is prohibited. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system without express written permission from the author / publisher. 2 Mark Sullivan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . President Kristen Berardi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Graphic Designer Julia Cabrera . . . . . . . . . . . Curriculum Development Justin Craig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Creative Director Sharon Lewis . . . . . . . . . . Curriculum Development Tony Losongco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Editor Gary Rogers . . . . . Director of Product Development Phaysy Thahane . . . . . . . . . Administrative Assistant LESSON 1 Table of Contents BBK 14 MAPS & STUFF5 VOCABULARY6 LESSON 1 READING 7 GRAPHIC ORGANIZER11 CLOZE 112 LESSON 2 REFLECTION 113 BBK 214 VOCABULARY15 LESSON 2 READING 16 FOLLOWING DIRECTIONS 21 GRAPHIC ORGANIZER22 CLOZE 223 LESSON 3 REFLECTION 224 CLOZE 325 FINDING THE ANSWERS26 EXTENDED READING ACTIVITY 27 REFLECTION 328 GLOSSARY / INDEX / REFERENCES 29 FLUENCY PRACTICE30 MY FLUENCY CHART 31 3 BUILDING BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE weathering erosion 4 WORLD MAP MAPS & STUFF 5 VOCABULARY 6 surface force The surface of the earth is always changing. Two kinds of forces change the earth’s surface. thaw formation One way is through water freezing and thawing. This kind of erosion creates fantastic rock formations. Introduction The surface of the earth is always changing. We can see these changes all around us. We feel dirt or sand in the air when the wind is blowing. We see earthquake damage in the news. Strong waves in the ocean can change the shape of a beach by moving the sand. 1 Two kinds of forces change the earth’s surface. One kind goes on all the time. It changes the earth very slowly. Weathering and erosion are slow forces. The other type of force changes the earth’s surface very quickly. It includes events such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides. 2 7 Slow Change 3 Slow changes are caused by weathering and erosion. Weathering happens when rocks are broken into smaller pieces. These pieces are called sand, pebbles, sediment, or silt. When the pieces are moved by wind or water, the process is called erosion. Weathering 4 8 Water is one of the causes of weathering. One way is through water freezing and thawing. In the mountains, there are rocks of all shapes and sizes. When rain falls, it fills up the cracks in the rocks. In winter, the air is cold at night. The water in the cracks freezes. Because water expands when it freezes, the ice makes the cracks bigger. This happens over and over, and the rocks break into smaller rocks. WA MT VT ND OR NH MA MN ID WY WI SD NE NV MI IL UT CA NY IA CO AZ NM KS OK MO OH WV VA KY NJ DE MD DC RI CT NC TN AR SC MS TX IN PA ME AL GA LA FL AK Severely eroding HI Moderately eroding Relatively stable Beach erosion in the United States Water Erosion Water and wind can cause erosion. Water erosion happens when water moves rocks, silt, and sediment. Water flowing in a river moves dirt and rocks. When enough dirt and rocks have been moved, the river may change course. 5 Ocean waves also move sand and pebbles. Beach erosion happens when the waves carry sand away. The beach gets smaller. In some parts of the United States, beach erosion is a big problem. 6 9 Arches National Park, Utah Wind Erosion 7 10 Wind erosion happens when wind carries part of the land away over many years. This kind of erosion creates fantastic rock formations. Arches National Park in Utah has huge rocks called arches. The rock formations curve around a big Fun Fact hole in the bottom. Wind n The Grand Canyo shapes the rocks at the park. natural is one of the few You can even find huge, round n be landmarks that ca rocks that look like they are seen from space. sitting on a pile of rocks. GRAPHIC ORGANIZER CAUSE & EFFECT 11 CLOZE 1 Water and wind can cause ____________. Water erosion happens when water moves rocks, silt, and ____________. Water flowing in a river moves dirt and rocks. When enough dirt and rocks have been moved, the river may change ____________. Ocean waves also move sand and pebbles. Beach erosion happens when the ___________ carry sand away. The beach gets smaller. In some parts of the United States, ____________ erosion is a big problem. 12 REFLECTION 1 Did I meet the objectives? identify and explain how text features help me use visualizing strategy while reading read aloud fluently and with expression find, organize, and retell causes and effects 13 BUILDING BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE natural disaster 14 VOCABULARY devastate detect The tsunami devastated Japan. On this scale, people can barely detect an earthquake at level 1. tumble accelerate An avalanche happens when snow tumbles down a hill or mountain. As the dirt and rocks slide, the landslide accelerates. 15 Fast Change: Earthquakes 8 Some changes to the earth’s surface happen very fast. An earthquake is one of these fast events. The surface of the earth is made up of big pieces. The pieces are called tectonic plates. These plates can move apart or crash into each other. One tectonic plate can slip over or under another one. When the plates move, the land shakes. The earth can crack or change shape. 9 More than 70% of the earth’s surface is covered by water. This means that many earthquakes happen under the ocean. When an earthquake happens under the ocean, it may cause a tsunami. A tsunami is a series of large waves coming from the site of the earthquake. The waves travel across the ocean in all directions. When they reach land, they may look like giant walls of water. Tsunamis can destroy buildings and roads near the water. upward wave tectonic plate fau lt lin e crust tectonic plate mantle 16 States with the most major earthquakes ever (7.0 or higher on the Richter scale) Source: U.S. Geological Survey Chart is not to scale Measuring Earthquakes Scientists measure how strong earthquakes are. They use something called the Richter scale. On this scale, people can barely detect an earthquake at level 1. A level 2 earthquake is 10 times as strong as a level 1. Level 3 is 10 times as strong as level 2, and so on. 10 On March 11, 2011, a very strong earthquake happened under the ocean near Japan. This earthquake was a level 9! Because it happened under the ocean, it caused a tsunami. The tsunami devastated Japan. Many people think it was one of the worst tsunamis in history. 11 Average number per year Frequency of earthquakes in the world Source: U.S. Geological Survey Chart is not to scale Level on the Richter scale 17 Fallen rocks on a road after a landslide. Fast Change: Landslides 12 Landslides are another force that can change the earth’s surface quickly. They happen when pebbles, dirt, rocks, and boulders slide down a hill. A large landslide can bring down a whole side of a mountain or hill. As the dirt and rocks slide, the landslide accelerates. A fast landslide can cause major damage and change the landscape in its path. An avalanche is similar to a landslide. An avalanche happens when snow tumbles down a hill or mountain. 13 Sometimes after there has been a lot of rain, there may be mudslides. A mudslide is a landslide when the dirt is very wet. Wet dirt on a hill or mountain becomes too heavy and falls away. Mudslides can be very dangerous because the mud is so heavy. 18 Fast Change: Volcanoes Volcanoes change the earth’s surface when they erupt. When a volcano erupts, lava and ash come out. Lava is molten, or melted, rock. The lava comes out as a hot liquid. It flows down the volcano and covers the land. A big lava flow can burn everything in its path. Ash fills the air. The ash can bury plants. If it is thick enough, it can kill the plants. 14 Many volcanic eruptions happen under the ocean. Like earthquakes, these eruptions can cause tsunamis. Volcanoes are often found at the edges of tectonic plates. Many eruptions and most earthquakes occur in the Ring of Fire. The Ring of Fire is a horseshoe-shaped area that follows the edges of the Pacific Ocean. It is at or near the edges of a tectonic plate called the Pacific plate. 15 Did You Know? Lava can appear br ight orange, red, or even white in its liquid form. When it cools, it becomes hard and black. The Ring of Fire 19 Conclusion 16 20 There are many forces that cause changes to the earth’s surface. Slow forces, like weathering and erosion, are happening all the time. These forces take many years to make changes. Earthquakes, landslides, and volcanic eruptions are forces that can cause sudden changes. These forces can cause a lot of damage. They are often called natural disasters. Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions under the ocean can cause tsunamis. Big tsunamis are very dangerous. Some people think they are the most dangerous force of nature. What do you think? FOLLOWING DIRECTIONS Build A Volcano Caution! An erupting volcano can be messy! Ingredients: • Measuring cups and spoons • 10 cups of dirt • 1 cup warm water • 1 small plastic cup • ½ cup warm water • 6 drops of liquid dish soap • 1 cup vinegar • 4 tablespoons of baking soda • ½ packet of cherry Jell-O or Kool-Aid Directions: 1. Build your volcano in a garden area or sandbox to make cleaning up easy. If you can’t do this, use a cookie sheet or baking pan to make your volcano in. 2. Mix together 10 cups of dirt and 1 cup of water. Mix the mud with your hands until it becomes sticky. Make the mud into the shape of a volcano. 3. Take a plastic cup and put it in the top of the volcano. You may need to scoop out some of your mud. 4. Fill the empty cup halfway with warm tap water. Add 6 drops of liquid dish soap. Then, add 4 tablespoons of baking soda. 5. In a small pitcher, combine the ½ packet of cherry Jell-O or Kool-Aid to the 1 cup of vinegar. Mix with a spoon. 6. Slowly add the vinegar to the cup. 7. Watch your volcano erupt. Adult supervis ion is recommend ed in case of spil ls or questions. 21 GRAPHIC ORGANIZER CAUSE & EFFECT 22 CLOZE 2 Volcanoes change the earth’s ____________ when they erupt. When a volcano erupts, ___________ and ash come out. Lava is molten, or melted, ____________. The lava comes out as a hot liquid. It flows down the volcano and covers the land. A big lava flow can ____________ everything in its path. Ash fills the air. The ash can ___________ plants. If it is thick enough, it can kill the plants. 23 REFLECTION 2 Did I meet the objectives? identify and explain how text features help me understand how to make inferences read aloud fluently and with expression find, organize, and retell causes and effects 24 CLOZE 3 Certain forces cause the surface of the earth to change constantly. Sometimes these ____________ happen slowly. Weathering and ____________ can take place over millions of years. Other times, these changes happen very ____________. Earthquakes, landslides, and ____________ can cause changes in a single event. Both types of forces have a big effect on the earth’s ____________ and people. Water plays a big role in the ____________ forces of change. When it ____________ and thaws, it leads to weathering that breaks rocks into smaller pieces. Over time, the constant flow of water erodes beaches. Wind also leads to erosion, carving out fantastic ____________ formations. Fast forces of change can cause major damage and harm to people. In landslides, ____________, and mudslides, a large amount of falling land can wipe out homes in its path. Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are dangerous. But they can also lead to ____________, waves that can cause even more damage. 25 FINDING THE ANSWERS 1. What causes slow changes to the surface of the earth? 2. When an earthquake happens under the ocean, what can it cause? 3. On March 11, 2011, a very strong earthquake happened under the ocean near what country? 26 EXTENDED READING ACTIVITY In the box on the left, draw a picture of a building that you know. In the box on the right, draw that same building after an earthquake has destroyed it. Label the before and after pictures to show the different parts of the building and what happened to it. Write one or two sentences about the earthquake. 27 REFLECTION 3 Did I meet the objectives? identify and explain how text features help me find answers in the book read aloud fluently and with expression use visualizing strategy while reading 28 GLOSSARY boulder — a huge, round rock landscape — the shape of an area of land molten — melted sediment — small pieces of rock that settle at the bottom of water silt — soil or very small pieces of sand in water tectonic plate – big piece of the earth’s surface that moves and crashes into other pieces tsunami — wave caused by an earthquake or volcano weathering — breaking down into pieces because of water or weather INDEX B P beach erosion 9–20 Pacific plate 19–20 C R Colorado River 10 Richter scale 17–20 M Ring of Fire 19–20 V volcanic eruptions 7–20 W wind erosion 10–20 mudslides 18–20 REFERENCES Forces of Nature: Giant Screen Film: www.nationalgeographic.com/forcesofnature Physics 4Kids: www.physics4kids.com/files/motion_force 29 FLUENCY PRACTICE 30 MY FLUENCY CHART 170 170 170 160 160 160 150 150 150 140 140 140 130 130 130 120 120 120 110 110 110 100 100 100 90 90 90 80 80 80 70 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 20 20 10 10 10 31 RR FP Rigby DRA Lexile Good Germs 4.0 Q 25 40 700-799 The Golden State 4.0 Q 25 40 700-799 El Camino Real 4.1 Q 25 40 700-799 The Pony Express 4.1 Q 25 40 700-799 Dorothea Lange 4.2 Q 25 40 700-799 The Transcontinental RR 4.2 Q 25 40 700-799 Forces of Nature 4.3 Q 26 40 700-799 Giant Sequoias 4.4 R 26 40 700-799 John Steinbeck 4.5 R 27 40 700-799 Native Americans 4.5 R 27 40 700-799 Inventors 4.6 R 27 40 700-799 Rocks and Minerals 4.7 S 27 40 700-799 How Organisms Get Energy 4.8 S 28 40 700-799 Electromagnetism 4.9 S 28 40 700-799 GLE - Grade Level Equivalent RR - Reading Recovery FP - Fountas and Pinnell DRA - Developmental Reading Assessment © SNAP! Learning 2011 GLE