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Forces of Nature
Author: Marilyn Baker
Illustrator: Jamie Pogue
© SNAP! Learning Inc. 2012
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ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. This book contains
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2
Mark Sullivan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . President
Kristen Berardi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Graphic Designer
Julia Cabrera . . . . . . . . . . . Curriculum Development
Justin Craig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Creative Director
Sharon Lewis . . . . . . . . . . Curriculum Development
Tony Losongco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Editor
Gary Rogers . . . . . Director of Product Development
Phaysy Thahane . . . . . . . . . Administrative Assistant
LESSON 1
Table of Contents
BBK 14
MAPS & STUFF5
VOCABULARY6
LESSON 1 READING
7
GRAPHIC ORGANIZER11
CLOZE 112
LESSON 2
REFLECTION 113
BBK 214
VOCABULARY15
LESSON 2 READING
16
FOLLOWING DIRECTIONS 21
GRAPHIC ORGANIZER22
CLOZE 223
LESSON 3
REFLECTION 224
CLOZE 325
FINDING THE ANSWERS26
EXTENDED READING ACTIVITY
27
REFLECTION 328
GLOSSARY / INDEX / REFERENCES
29
FLUENCY PRACTICE30
MY FLUENCY CHART
31
3
BUILDING BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE
weathering
erosion
4
WORLD MAP
MAPS & STUFF
5
VOCABULARY
6
surface
force
The surface of the earth is always
changing.
Two kinds of forces change the earth’s
surface.
thaw
formation
One way is through water freezing and
thawing.
This kind of erosion creates fantastic
rock formations.
Introduction
The surface of the earth is always changing. We can see these
changes all around us. We feel dirt or sand in the air when
the wind is blowing. We see earthquake damage in the news.
Strong waves in the ocean can change the shape of a beach
by moving the sand.
1
Two kinds of forces change the earth’s surface. One kind goes
on all the time. It changes the earth very slowly. Weathering
and erosion are slow forces. The other type of force changes
the earth’s surface very quickly. It includes events such as
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides.
2
7
Slow Change
3
Slow changes are caused by weathering and erosion.
Weathering happens when rocks are broken into smaller
pieces. These pieces are called sand, pebbles, sediment,
or silt. When the pieces are moved by wind or water, the
process is called erosion.
Weathering
4
8
Water is one of the causes of weathering. One way is through
water freezing and thawing. In the mountains, there are
rocks of all shapes and sizes. When rain falls, it fills up the
cracks in the rocks. In winter, the air is cold at night. The
water in the cracks freezes. Because water expands when it
freezes, the ice makes the cracks bigger. This happens over
and over, and the rocks break into smaller rocks.
WA
MT
VT
ND
OR
NH
MA
MN
ID
WY
WI
SD
NE
NV
MI
IL
UT
CA
NY
IA
CO
AZ
NM
KS
OK
MO
OH
WV
VA
KY
NJ
DE
MD
DC
RI
CT
NC
TN
AR
SC
MS
TX
IN
PA
ME
AL
GA
LA
FL
AK
Severely eroding
HI
Moderately eroding
Relatively stable
Beach erosion in the United States
Water Erosion
Water and wind can cause erosion. Water erosion happens
when water moves rocks, silt, and sediment. Water flowing
in a river moves dirt and rocks. When enough dirt and rocks
have been moved, the river may change course.
5
Ocean waves also move sand and pebbles. Beach erosion
happens when the waves carry sand away. The beach gets
smaller. In some parts of the United States, beach erosion is
a big problem.
6
9
Arches National Park, Utah
Wind Erosion
7
10
Wind erosion happens when wind carries part of the land
away over many years. This kind of erosion creates fantastic
rock formations. Arches National Park in Utah has huge
rocks called arches. The rock
formations curve around a big
Fun Fact
hole in the bottom. Wind
n
The Grand Canyo
shapes the rocks at the park.
natural
is one of the few
You can even find huge, round
n be
landmarks that ca
rocks that look like they are
seen from space.
sitting on a pile of rocks.
GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
CAUSE & EFFECT
11
CLOZE 1
Water and wind can cause ____________. Water erosion
happens when water moves rocks, silt, and ____________.
Water flowing in a river moves dirt and rocks. When enough
dirt and rocks have been moved, the river may change
____________.
Ocean waves also move sand and pebbles. Beach erosion
happens when the ___________ carry sand away. The
beach gets smaller. In some parts of the United States,
____________ erosion is a big problem.
12
REFLECTION 1
Did I meet the objectives?
identify and explain how text features help me
use visualizing strategy while reading
read aloud fluently and with expression
find, organize, and retell causes and effects
13
BUILDING BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE
natural disaster
14
VOCABULARY
devastate
detect
The tsunami devastated Japan.
On this scale, people can barely detect
an earthquake at level 1.
tumble
accelerate
An avalanche happens when snow
tumbles down a hill or mountain.
As the dirt and rocks slide, the
landslide accelerates.
15
Fast Change: Earthquakes
8
Some changes to the earth’s surface happen very fast. An
earthquake is one of these fast events. The surface of the
earth is made up of big pieces. The pieces are called tectonic
plates. These plates can move apart or crash into each other.
One tectonic plate can slip over or under another one.
When the plates move, the land shakes. The earth can crack
or change shape.
9
More than 70% of the earth’s surface is covered by water.
This means that many earthquakes happen under the ocean.
When an earthquake happens under the ocean, it may cause
a tsunami. A tsunami is a series of large waves coming from
the site of the earthquake. The waves travel across the ocean
in all directions. When they reach land, they may look like
giant walls of water. Tsunamis can destroy buildings and
roads near the water.
upward wave
tectonic plate
fau
lt lin
e
crust
tectonic plate
mantle
16
States with the most major earthquakes ever
(7.0 or higher on the Richter scale)
Source: U.S. Geological Survey
Chart is not to scale
Measuring Earthquakes
Scientists measure how strong earthquakes are. They use
something called the Richter scale. On this scale, people can
barely detect an earthquake at level 1. A level 2 earthquake
is 10 times as strong as a level 1. Level 3 is 10 times as strong
as level 2, and so on.
10
On March 11, 2011, a very strong earthquake happened
under the ocean near Japan. This earthquake was a level 9!
Because it happened under the ocean, it caused a tsunami.
The tsunami devastated Japan. Many people think it was
one of the worst tsunamis in history.
11
Average number per year
Frequency of earthquakes in the world
Source: U.S. Geological Survey
Chart is not to scale
Level on the Richter scale
17
Fallen rocks on a road after a landslide.
Fast Change: Landslides
12
Landslides are another force that can change the earth’s
surface quickly. They happen when pebbles, dirt, rocks, and
boulders slide down a hill. A large landslide can bring down
a whole side of a mountain or hill. As the dirt and rocks slide,
the landslide accelerates. A fast landslide can cause major
damage and change the landscape in its path. An avalanche
is similar to a landslide. An avalanche happens when snow
tumbles down a hill or mountain.
13
Sometimes after there has been a lot of rain, there may be
mudslides. A mudslide is a landslide when the dirt is very wet.
Wet dirt on a hill or mountain becomes too heavy and falls away.
Mudslides can be very dangerous because the mud is so heavy.
18
Fast Change: Volcanoes
Volcanoes change the earth’s surface when they erupt. When
a volcano erupts, lava and ash come out. Lava is molten, or
melted, rock. The lava comes out as a hot liquid. It flows
down the volcano and covers the land. A big lava flow can
burn everything in its path. Ash fills the air. The ash can
bury plants. If it is thick enough, it can kill the plants.
14
Many volcanic eruptions happen under the ocean. Like
earthquakes, these eruptions can cause tsunamis. Volcanoes
are often found at the edges of tectonic plates. Many
eruptions and most earthquakes occur in the Ring of Fire.
The Ring of Fire is a horseshoe-shaped area that follows the
edges of the Pacific Ocean. It is at or near the edges of a
tectonic plate called the Pacific plate.
15
Did You Know?
Lava can appear br
ight
orange, red, or even
white in its
liquid form. When
it cools, it
becomes hard and
black.
The Ring of Fire
19
Conclusion
16
20
There are many forces that cause changes to the earth’s
surface. Slow forces, like weathering and erosion, are
happening all the time. These forces take many years to
make changes. Earthquakes, landslides, and volcanic
eruptions are forces that can cause sudden changes. These
forces can cause a lot of damage. They are often called
natural disasters. Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions
under the ocean can cause tsunamis. Big tsunamis are very
dangerous. Some people think they are the most dangerous
force of nature. What do you think?
FOLLOWING DIRECTIONS
Build A Volcano
Caution!
An erupting volcano
can be messy!
Ingredients:
• Measuring cups and spoons
• 10 cups of dirt
• 1 cup warm water
• 1 small plastic cup
• ½ cup warm water
• 6 drops of liquid dish soap • 1 cup vinegar
• 4 tablespoons of baking soda
• ½ packet of cherry Jell-O or Kool-Aid
Directions:
1. Build your volcano in a garden area or sandbox to make
cleaning up easy. If you can’t do this, use a cookie sheet
or baking pan to make your volcano in.
2. Mix together 10 cups of dirt and 1 cup of water. Mix the
mud with your hands until it becomes sticky. Make the
mud into the shape of a volcano.
3. Take a plastic cup and put it in the top of the volcano.
You may need to scoop out some of your mud.
4. Fill the empty cup halfway with warm tap water. Add
6 drops of liquid dish soap. Then, add 4 tablespoons of
baking soda.
5. In a small pitcher, combine the ½ packet of cherry Jell-O
or Kool-Aid to the 1 cup of vinegar. Mix with a spoon.
6. Slowly add the vinegar to the cup.
7. Watch your volcano erupt.
Adult supervis
ion
is recommend
ed
in case of spil
ls or
questions.
21
GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
CAUSE & EFFECT
22
CLOZE 2
Volcanoes change the earth’s ____________ when they
erupt. When a volcano erupts, ___________ and ash
come out. Lava is molten, or melted, ____________. The
lava comes out as a hot liquid. It flows down the volcano
and covers the land. A big lava flow can ____________
everything in its path. Ash fills the air. The ash can
___________ plants. If it is thick enough, it can kill
the plants.
23
REFLECTION 2
Did I meet the objectives?
identify and explain how text features help me
understand how to make inferences
read aloud fluently and with expression
find, organize, and retell causes and effects
24
CLOZE 3
Certain forces cause the surface of the earth to change
constantly. Sometimes these ____________ happen
slowly. Weathering and ____________ can take place over
millions of years. Other times, these changes happen very
____________. Earthquakes, landslides, and ____________
can cause changes in a single event. Both types of forces have
a big effect on the earth’s ____________ and people. Water
plays a big role in the ____________ forces of change. When
it ____________ and thaws, it leads to weathering that
breaks rocks into smaller pieces. Over time, the constant
flow of water erodes beaches. Wind also leads to erosion,
carving out fantastic ____________ formations. Fast forces
of change can cause major damage and harm to people. In
landslides, ____________, and mudslides, a large amount
of falling land can wipe out homes in its path. Earthquakes
and volcanic eruptions are dangerous. But they can also lead
to ____________, waves that can cause even more damage.
25
FINDING THE ANSWERS
1. What causes slow changes to the surface of the earth?
2. When an earthquake happens under the ocean, what
can it cause?
3. On March 11, 2011, a very strong earthquake happened
under the ocean near what country?
26
EXTENDED READING ACTIVITY
In the box on the left, draw a picture of a building that you
know. In the box on the right, draw that same building
after an earthquake has destroyed it.
Label the before and after pictures to show the different
parts of the building and what happened to it. Write one
or two sentences about the earthquake.
27
REFLECTION 3
Did I meet the objectives?
identify and explain how text features help me
find answers in the book
read aloud fluently and with expression
use visualizing strategy while reading
28
GLOSSARY
boulder — a huge, round rock
landscape — the shape of an area of land
molten — melted
sediment — small pieces of rock that settle at the bottom of water
silt — soil or very small pieces of sand in water
tectonic plate – big piece of the earth’s surface that moves and crashes into other pieces
tsunami — wave caused by an earthquake or volcano
weathering — breaking down into pieces because of water or weather
INDEX
B
P
beach erosion 9–20
Pacific plate 19–20
C
R
Colorado River 10
Richter scale 17–20
M
Ring of Fire 19–20
V
volcanic eruptions 7–20
W
wind erosion 10–20
mudslides 18–20
REFERENCES
Forces of Nature: Giant Screen Film: www.nationalgeographic.com/forcesofnature
Physics 4Kids: www.physics4kids.com/files/motion_force
29
FLUENCY PRACTICE
30
MY FLUENCY CHART
170
170
170
160
160
160
150
150
150
140
140
140
130
130
130
120
120
120
110
110
110
100
100
100
90
90
90
80
80
80
70
70
70
60
60
60
50
50
50
40
40
40
30
30
30
20
20
20
10
10
10
31
RR
FP
Rigby DRA
Lexile
Good Germs
4.0
Q
25
40
700-799
The Golden State
4.0
Q
25
40
700-799
El Camino Real
4.1
Q
25
40
700-799
The Pony Express
4.1
Q
25
40
700-799
Dorothea Lange
4.2
Q
25
40
700-799
The Transcontinental RR
4.2
Q
25
40
700-799
Forces of Nature
4.3
Q
26
40
700-799
Giant Sequoias
4.4
R
26
40
700-799
John Steinbeck
4.5
R
27
40
700-799
Native Americans
4.5
R
27
40
700-799
Inventors
4.6
R
27
40
700-799
Rocks and Minerals
4.7
S
27
40
700-799
How Organisms Get Energy
4.8
S
28
40
700-799
Electromagnetism
4.9
S
28
40
700-799
GLE - Grade Level Equivalent
RR - Reading Recovery
FP - Fountas and Pinnell
DRA - Developmental Reading Assessment
© SNAP! Learning 2011
GLE