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English Grammar Test – Tuesday, April 23, 2013 Chapter 6 - Sentences STUDY GUIDE Subjects and Predicates (pgs. 434 – 435) The subject of the sentence names the person, place, or thing the sentence is about. The predicate tells what the subject is or is doing. Elizabeth helped the teacher. The subject is Elizabeth. The predicate is helped. For the test, please know the difference between the simple subject and complete subject, as well as the simple predicate and the complete predicate. Students in the 6th grade enjoyed the festivities at the Hawk Walk. Simple subject – students Complete subject – Students in the sixth grade Simple predicate – enjoyed Complete predicate – the festivities at the Hawk Walk Natural and Inverted Order (p. 436 – 437) Sentences in natural order: subject comes first, then the predicate St. Jane School is located in Easton, Pennsylvania. Sentences in inverted order: main verb or auxiliary verb comes before the subject Through the night sky goes Santa on his sleigh. Most questions are in inverted order: Have you ever been to the Hawk Walk? Types of Sentences (p. 438 – 439) Declarative – makes a statement, ends with a period Interrogative – asks a question, ends with a question mark Imperative – gives a command, ends with a period or exclamation mark Exclamatory – expresses a strong emotion, ends with an exclamation mark Simple and Compound Sentence (p. 440 – 441) Simple sentence - contains a subject and a predicate - either the subject or the predicate may be compound Mrs. Hrazanek is a silly dancer. Mrs. Hrazanek and Miss Merkel love to teach. Mrs. Hrazanek sings and dances every night. - simple subject - compound subject - compound predicate Compound sentence - contains two or more independent clauses (they can stand on their own) - are connected by coordinating conjunctions and, or, but, so, nor, yet Miss Merkel likes baseball, but Mrs. Hrazanek likes hockey. Punctuation of compound sentences (p. 442 – 443) There are three ways to punctuate a compound sentence: 1. A comma is placed before the conjunction and separates the two clauses (p. 442) Richie likes Legos, and Paul likes Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. 2. A semi-colon is used between the independent clauses WITHOUT a coordinating conjunction. Richie likes Legos; Paul likes Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. 3. Neither a comma nor a semi-colon is required if the independent clauses are short and closely related. Helen sings beautifully but I am a great dancer. Using prepositions correctly (p. 446 – 447) At, to At shows presence in To shows motion toward Cameron stood at the base of the Statue of Liberty. Trent walked to the baseball field. Between, among Between speaks of two persons, places, or things Among is used for more than two. Alyssa sat between Rebecca and Chiara. Jake stood among the kindergarteners. In, into In shows location within something Into shows motion toward or change of location Elizabeth prayed in the chapel. Katelynn walked into the chapel. OMIT UNNECESSARY PREPOSITIONS Correct: Where is Mason? Incorrect: Where is Mason at? Correct: Incorrect: Marissa climbed the stairs. Marissa climbed up the mountain. Prepositions and Adverbs (p. 448 – 449) Some words can be used as either prepositions or adverbs: after, around, before, below, below, down, inside, near, outside, past, through, under, with It is fun to swim around. - adverb It is fun to swim around the lake. – preposition Adjective phrases (p. 450 – 451) A prepositional phrase used as an adjective is called an adjective phrase. Mrs. Swavely is the assistant to the principal. Elijah bought sneakers with black laces. Spencer is a student from St. Jane School. Adverb phrases (p. 452 – 453) A prepositional phrase used as an adverb is called an adverb phrase. Morgan watched television for several minutes. John Joe folded paper like an artist. Richard looked into the duffel bag for his mitt. Complex sentences, adverb clauses (p. 454 – 455) A complex sentence contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. An independent clause has a subject and a verb and can stand on its own as a sentence. A dependent clause also has a subject and a verb, but it cannot stand alone as a sentence. independent clause John studied aviation Sarah knitted a sweater dependent clause when he visited the museum. so that her dog wouldn’t be cold.