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Chapter 3 Continued How do genes determine traits? 6th Grade Science Mendel’s Work Gregor Mendel • ______________ - “Father of Genetics” – A priest that conducted experiments in his garden that revolutionized the study of heredity. – ___________ - the passing of physical Heredity characteristics from parents to offspring – Mendel used pea plants to observe _________ of traits pea plants. traits – _________ - a characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes. Mendel and Heredity • Mendel experimented with hundreds of pea plants to understand the process of ________. heredity • ________ - the scientific study of heredity. Genetics • Mendel “crossed” pea plants with contrasting traits ________ and observed the outcomes of traits in the offspring. • Mendel started his experiments with ________ purebred pea plants or plants that have had the same trait for many generations. Crossing Pea Plants Purebred • __________ short pea plants come always come from short parent plants. Mendel’s Experiments Mendel’s Conclusion • Mendel’s Conclusions included: genetic – Individual factors or sets of _________ information controls the __________ inheritance of traits in peas. pairs - one • The factors that control each trait exist in _____ female parent and one from the from the _______ _______parent. male • One factor in each pair can mask or hide the other factor. Dominant and Recessive • ________factors that control a trait. Gene • _____ Alleles - different forms of the gene • Offspring inherit one _______ from each parent – Allele one could be tall and the other could be short, both could be tall, both could be short – it genetic depends on the ________ information from the parent. • ____________ Dominant allele - the trait that always shows up in the organism when the allele is present • ____________ Recessive Allele - hidden whenever the dominant allele is present Alleles in Mendel’s Crosses short • Purebred ___________ - only pea plants that inherit two recessive alleles for short stems will be short. • _________ - organism has two different alleles hybrid for a trait. • ________ alleles. Dominant alleles mask the ________ recessive • A dominant allele is represented by a capital ______ letter. Recessive alleles are represented by Lower case letters. ________ Sharing Dominance • Not all gene pairs follow the dominant-recessive pattern. • Some traits show _____________of a gene at Both versions work. • Example – Erminette chicken has genes for both black and white feathers. But neither color is dominant. Instead the colors ___________________. Share Dominance • Selecting a few organisms with desired traits to serve as parents of offspring is called ____________________ Selective breeding Probability and Genetics • Mendel was the first scientist to recognize probability that the principles of __________ can be used Genetic crosses to predict the results of ___________. Punnett Square - a chart that shows all the • ____________ possible combinations of ________ that can alleles result from a genetic cross. • The boxes in the Punnett Square represent the possible alleles that the offspring can inherit _______. Punnett Square Examples Meiosis and Punnett Square Punnett Square • _____________-show the events that occur in meiosis. Chromosome pairs separate and go into – When the _______________ Sex cells so do the _________ allele two different ________, carried on each chromosome. – Punnett Squares show the possible allele fertilization combinations after __________.