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Learning
How do we learn?
• Two types of associative learning:
– Classical Conditioning
– Operant Conditioning
• Other types of learning:
– Cognitive learning
– Observational learning
Classical Conditioning
• Major People:
– Ivan Pavlov
– John Watson
• Pioneers of behaviorism
– The view that psychology
• Should be an objective science
• Studies behavior without reference to
mental processes
Classical Conditioning
• A condition where one learns to links
two or more stimuli to anticipate
events
• Learning to make a reflex response
to a stimulus other than the original,
natural stimulus that normally
produces the reflex.
Pavlov’s Experiments
Pavlov’s Experiments
Pavlov’s Experiments
Pavlov’s Experiments
Classical Conditioning
Conditioning can occur
without an Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Classical Conditioning
Conditioning can occur
without an Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Classical Conditioning
Conditioning can occur
without an Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Classical Conditioning
• Although classical conditioning
happens quite easily, there are a few
basic principles that researchers
have discovered:
– The UR (unconditioned response) and
CR (conditioned response) are
essentially the same – salivation.
– The CS (conditioned stimulus) must
precede the US (unconditioned
stimulus) in order for conditioning to
occur – bell can’t follow food.
Classical Conditioning
Check for understanding:
An experimenter sounds a tone just before
delivering an air puff to your blinking eye.
After several repetitions, you blink to the
tone alone.
NS = tone before procedure
US = air puff
UR = blink to air puff
CS = tone after procedure
CR = blink to tone