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Transcript
Introduction to 9th Grade Biology Biomolecules Classes of Biomolecules • • • • Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates • • • • • • • • Monosaccharaides (simple) Glucose- Found in Honey Fructose – Fruit! Galactose – Found in Milk Disaccharides (complex) Sucrose – Table Sugar Lactose – Milk Sugar Maltose – Found in Seeds, grains Lipids • Our body needs them for insulation, cushioning, and energy storage. • Three important groups – Fats & Oils – Phospholipids (cell membrane) – Steroids (cholesterol) Structure of Fatty Acids • Long chains of mostly carbon and hydrogen atoms with a -COOH group at one end. • When they are part of lipids, the fatty acids resemble long flexible tails. Saturated and Unsaturated Fats • Unsaturated fats : – liquid at room temp – one or more double bonds between carbons in the fatty acids allows for “kinks” in the tails – most plant fats • Saturated fats: – have only single C-C bonds in fatty acid tails – solid at room temp – most animal fats Phospholipids • Structure: Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group. • Function: Main structural component of membranes, where they arrange in bilayers. Phospholipids in Water Steroids • • • • Structure: Four carbon rings with no fatty acid tails Functions: Component of animal cell membranes Modified to form sex hormones Steroid ring structure • The common structural feature of steroids is that their molecules contain the following ring skeleton. Proteins • Combination of 20 amino acids • Functions – Structure – Transport – Hormones – Cell identification & communication – Metabolism Amino Acid Structure Amino Acid Structure • Amino Group- NH2 • Carboxyl Group- COOH • R Group/Side Chain- blank space that determines the type of amino acid Nucleic Acid • Three important Nucleic Acids – DNA- Genetic Code, working instructions for the cell. Stores genetic information. (double stranded with a Double Helix shape like a 3-D twisted ladder) [Deoxyribonucleic Acid] – RNA- transfers the genetic information (single stranded) [Ribonucleic Acid] – ATP- Provides energy for all cells Nucleotide – monomer that makes up nucleotides. Consists of a pentose molecule, a phosphate molecule and a nitrogen base • ribose molecule – a 5-carbon sugar (pentose) • phosphate group – an ion of 1 phosphorus and 4 oxygen • nitrogenous base – nitrogen containing ring structures. • Purines – adenine (A) and guanine (G) • Pyrimidines – cytosine (C), thymine (T) and uracil (U) – (note: A and T form pairs while G and C form pairs in DNA but in RNA T is replaced with Uracil and so U pairs with T) Nucleotide Structure Pyrimidines are single ring nitrogen bases • Notice that Thymine, Cytosine and Uracil are your pyrimidine nitrogen bases. Purines are double ring nitrogen bases • Notice that Adenine and Guanine are your purines nitrogen bases.