Download The Emergence of Rome

The Emergence of Rome
Greek Culture Borrowed
• Greeks arrive in large #’s during colonization
– (750-550 B.C.)
• Planned permanent communities
• Secured coastal plains for agriculture
• Built walled cities with harbors for trade
• Alphabet, art, sculpture, architecture and
literature
Geography
• Apennine Mountains divided east from west
• Fertile plains
– Po Valley in north
– Latium which Rome was built on
– Campania to the south
• Peninsula
• Tiber River
• Surrounded by islands
– Corsica
– Sardinia
– Sicily
The Etruscans
• City-dwellers who fortified their cities and
placed them in commanding positions
• Origins unclear but expanded in 650 B.C.
• Came in contact with Greek colonists in 6th
century B.C.
• By 400 B.C. had been invaded by Gauls and
then conquered by Romans
• Rome was their most famous creation
Early Romans
Transition from Monarchy to Republic
• Under the Etruscans the rulers has been
monarchs
• Romans consider the end of monarchy and
Etruscan rule to coincide with the rape of Lucretia
(likely a myth)
– Noble Roman woman raped by son of a king
– Committed suicide rather than be example of nonvirtuous Roman
– In revenge, Romans drove Etruscan king out of Rome
and set up a Republic
The Roman Republic 509-44 B.C.
Political Forum
Death of Julius Caesar
in 44 B.C.
Political Institutions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Two Consuls
Praetors (Judges)
Dictator
Aediles (Grain supply)
Censors
Senate: advisory only to the magistrate
Assembly of aristocrats
Social Organizations
• Family basis of Roman Society
– Paterfamilias
– Clients (worked around the home, performed military service, voted for patron: all in
return for $)
• Patricians: Wealthy, land-owning, aristocrats,
who served in gov’t. and received special
rights
• Plebeians: Typically poorer, a much larger class
who did no possess the same rights as
Patricians (could vote but not serve in gov’t.)
Paterfamilias
Patricians and Plebeians
Internal Social Struggles
• Plebeians wanted political equality and right
of intermarriage
• Plebeians withdrew from the state
• Patricians needed them so set up Twelve
Tables
• This eventually led to more equality and the
allowance of intermarriage
Twelve Tables
Conquest of Italy
• Romans felt they were surrounded by
enemies
• They were constantly attacked and involved
in war for their first hundred years
• They began defeating all of the peoples
around them
Roman Expansion
Roman Diplomacy
• Romans were very good diplomats
• After conquering their neighbors, they were
made citizens or promised the right to
become citizens if behaved as allies
• All conquered states had to supply Rome with
military
Conquest of Mediterranean
Romans Build Roads for
Communication
• Romans settled in newly conquered areas
creating communities
• Built roads between colonial conquests to
maintain communication
Punic Wars
• Carthage controlled coast of N. Africa, Corsica,
Sardinia, W. Sicily, and Southern Spain
• Italy feared their desires for the Italian coast
• First Punic War 264-241 B.C.
• Second Punic War 218-201 B.C.
• Third Punic War 149-146 B.C.
First Punic War
• Italy attempted to gain control of all of Sicily
• Carthage fought back, believing Sicily was in their
“sphere of influence”
• Rome quickly organized a naval fleet, believing it
to be there only chance
• Carthage had trouble getting mercenaries
• Carthage gave up Sicily and paid a fee
• Three years later, Rome took Sardinia & Corsica
• Hamilcar vowed revenge
Second Punic War
• Carthage rebuilt and focused on Spain
• Carthage and Rome had agreed to split Spain
• Rome began making alliances with the
Carthaginian parts of Spain angering Carthage
and Hannibal (Hamilcar’s son)
• Hannibal decided to fight this war on Roman
soil
Hannibal
• Hannibal won many
battles
• He had 30-40,000 men
• He had 6000 elephants
and horses and crossed
through the Alps
Scipio Africanus the Elder
• Scipio focused on Spain and regaining control
• Scipio, actually too young to be named
commander of Roman army in Spain, but
brilliant general
• He pushed from Spain back to Carthage
• This forced Carthaginians to recall Hannibal
from Rome
• Scipio defeated Hannibal at Battle of Zama
2nd War Peace Treaty
• Carthaginians lost Spain which became
another Roman province
• Had to pay an indemnity
• Could not go to war without Rome’s
permission
• Rome was now dominant power in
Mediterranean!
Third Punic War
• Many Romans called for complete destruction
of Carthage
• Carthage broke peace treaty by going to war
with a Rome’s N. African allies that had been
encroaching on Carthage
• Rome, led by Scipio Africanus the Younger,
destroyed Carthage for good
Religion & Philosophy in the Republic
• The gods and goddesses were borrowed from
Greece, though renamed
– (Greco-Roman Religion)
• Religious festivals played a big part in Rome
• Stoicism: Most popular; Happiness through
virtue
• Epicureanism: Pursuit of happiness, through
personal pleasure, should be only motivating
source
Education
• Private education provided by family
• Boys
–
–
–
–
Farming
Military and physical training
Traditions of the state
Public Affairs
• Girls
– Care for the family
• Upper-class boys and girls were to read
• Later learning Greek Rhetoric became highly valued
Family & Women
• Dominant male (Paterfamilias)
• Romans believed women were weak and needed
male guardians
• Male could sell or kill his children
• Father arranged marriage for daughters (12-14
yrs. Old)
• Women appreciated as enjoyable and center of
household social life– different from Athens
• Women shopped and visited in public but could
not participate in politics
Result of Punic Wars—
Decline of Roman Values
• Conquered peoples had to pay taxes and were
enslaved
• Politicians more concerned with getting rich (from
taxes) than governing
• Latifundias took over small farms
• No work on farms so people moved to cities which
became highly corrupt
• Gap between rich and poor expanded (95-98% poor)
• Reasons for the change?
– Defeat of Carthage, now no enemies
– Affluence changed people
Slavery
• Slavery a result of Punic Wars
• Romans had more slaves and relied on slave labor more than
any other society
• Many worked on the “latifundia” (large farming estates)
• “It is cheaper to work the slaves to death and replace them
than treat them well.” ~Cato the Elder
• Total # of slaves estimates between
¼ - ½ of free people
• Constant fear of revolt
Social, Political, and Economic
Problems Arise (133-31 B.C.)
• Senate now had most control
– Advice to Consuls now had weight of law
• Landowners had fought in wars
– Wars lasted so long their land had been over-run or
taken (to become part of large latifundia) by the time
they returned
• Need to make $ caused many landless to move to
cities (mostly Rome)
– Not a lot of work so cities very unstable with potential
for much trouble in depressed times
Latifundia
Reforms of Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus
• Tiberius believes major problem for Rome is
lack of small farmers due to latifundia
• He went around the Senate and had law
passed by Council of the Plebs
• Latifundias were to be divided among the
landless citizens
• Senators (many latifundia owners) were
furious and killed Tiberius
Tiberius & Gaius
Enter Gaius
• Gaius continues brother’s push for
redistribution of land
• Gaius found support from others against the
senate
• The senate however became fearful of his
popularity and killed him and many of his
followers
Marius Changes Senates Power
• Rome was fighting a war in Africa and losing
• Marius, assistant to the General, disagreed with
way the Senate and General were running the
war
• He returned to Rome and ran for Consul with
slogan, “Win the War”
• Council of Plebs voted to give Marius command
of army
• Generals no longer had to be loyal to the senate
Marius Addresses Romans
Marius’s New Army
• He wins the war in Africa
• He is named consul for 5 years, 104-100 B.C.
• Raises a new army type of army to defeat a new
enemy, the Celts
• Opened army to non-landholders
• They swore an oath to the General, not the senate
• Now a professional army not subject to the state
• Generals promised land to vets so generals had to play
politics to get this land
• Soldiers more loyal to general than state
“Rome was now Italy, and Italy Rome”
• Italian Allies fought Rome for citizenship (9088 B.C.)
• They finally won
• Now huge influx of new voters into the
assemblies, giving power to the populous
Sulla
• Consul in 88 B.C. and led many winning military
campaigns
• 82 B.C. Marched his army on Rome, defeating Marius
• Marius for the populous, Sulla for the Aristocrats
• Insisted he be named Dictator to restore Republic
• Conducted reign of terror to wipe out opposition
• Then restored power to the senate, eliminated power
of the tribunes and plebeian councils
• Sulla dies in 79 B.C. leaving a power vacuum
Death of the Republic
• For next fifty years, Rome faced
power struggle and resulting
civil wars
• Crassus & Pompey
–
–
–
–
Both had fought for Sulla
Personal enemies
Recognized their power if joined forces
Returned power to the populous
Caesar
• Caesar was a great general
• He gained popularity by appealing
to the populous
• The senate feared his power and tried to prevent
his political power
• He made a coalition called the First Triumvirate:
Caesar, Pompey & Crassus
• The First Triumvirate is powerful and successful
“Hail Caesar!”
• Crassus dies in battle
• Caesar is seen as a threat by the senate
because he is too powerful, they now favor
Pompey
• Caesar takes his army and “crosses the
Rubicon” to fight Pompey– Caesar wins
• In 44 B.C. he is made dictator for life
Rise of Octavian
• Caesar is assassinated!
• The Second Triumvirate is formed: Octavian,
Mark Antony, and Marcus Lepidus
• Lepidus is pushed aside
• The Empire is divided: Octavian the west and
Mark Antony the east
Octavian and Mark Antony
Octavian Reigns Supreme
• After time, the two rulers come into conflict
• Mark Antony divorces Octavia (sister of
Octavian)
• He marries Cleopatra (Caesar’s former lover)
• Octavian defeats Mark Antony and his
Egyptian wife
• They retreat to Egypt and
commit suicide
Augustus the Emperor
• Octavian ended the civil wars but The Republic
is dead
– in 31 B.C.
• The Roman Empire Arises