Download Chapter 18 AGE OF IMPERIALISM

AGE OF IMPERIALISM
IMPERIALISM
• Imperialism is the quest for colonial
empires
• It can include the use of economic, political,
or military power
REASONS
• Increase trade by providing market for
manufactured goods
• Gain sources for raw materials
• Secure military advantages
• Increase prestige
• Share religious and cultural beliefs
SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
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Cuba- series of revolts against Spanish rule
1868- beginning of revolts
Cuban leaders exiled
1896- Spanish send Gen. Valeriano Weyler
to crush revolt- “the Butcher”
Unites States Reaction
• U.S. Press wants war with Spain
• Hearst and Pulitzer very vocal
• Pres. McKinley wants to avoid war
Events leading to war
• Feb. 9, 1898- Hearst’s journal prints
comment of Spanish official concerning
McKinley- “weak, and a bidder for the
admiration of the crowd”
• Feb. 15, 1898- The Maine explodes in
Havana, Cuba. Spain is blamed.
• Apr. 20, 1898- Congress recognizes Cuban
independence and votes for military force
Teller Amendment
• States that the United States claimed no
“sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control” over
Cuba
• After defeating Spain, control would rest
with Cuban people
FAMOUS BATTLES
• Philippine Islands- Spanish-controlled
• May 1, 1898- Battle of Manila Bay
• Commodore George Dewey defeats Spanish
fleet
• Cuba and Puerto Rico- Spanish-controlled
• July 1, 1898- U.S. begins assault on
Santiago
• El Caney and San Juan Hill
• Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders
• July 3, 1898- U.S. defeats Spanish fleet off
coast of Cuba
• Troops defeat Spanish in Puerto Rico
RESULTS OF WAR
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Spain grants Cuba its independence
Spain gives Puerto Rico and Guam to U.S.
Spain gives up control of the Philippines
United States gains prestige as world power
ANNEXATION DEBATE
• Expansionists argue in favor based upon
commercial reasons, naval concerns, the belief
that the U.S. would bring democratic government
to the Philippines, and that European powers
would be kept away
• Anti-Imperialist League formed in June 1898
argues that U.S. should not become imperial
power and annexation of Philippines would violate
American principles
WAR IN PHILIPPINES
• Aguinaldo sets up provisional government
and proclaims himself President
• Filipino rebels fight 3-year war against U.S.
• 1902- Congress passes Philippine
Government Act
• Total independence will not come until U.S.
concludes that a stable government has been
established
• Philippines get independence in 1946
ACQUISITION OF HAWAII
• U.S. interest in Hawaii was because of 2
major reasons: strategic location along
trade routes to China and fertile soil
• During the 1820s, New England Protestant
missionaries travel to Hawaii
• By 1870s, their descendents had become
major landowners in Hawaii
• In 1886, Hawaiian king Kalakaua attempts
to restrict American influence.
• Hawaiian League is formed to overthrow
the monarchy and persuade U.S. annexation
• 1887- League forces Kalakaua to sign a new
constitution that limited his power
• U.S. gets rights to use Pearl Harbor as naval
base
• 1891- Kalakaua is succeeded by his sister,
Liliuokalani
• Queen Liliuokalani tries to encourage
Hawaiian nationalism
• U.S. oversees end to monarchy
• Does not annex until 1898
CHINA
• United States trade with China began in
1784 when Empress of China (trading ship)
sailed for Guangzhou
• 1843- China opens 5 ports to trade from
U.S. and Europe
• China’s weakness leads to European powers
(Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia)
making China to divide into spheres of
influence
• Spheres of Influence- where a foreign
nation has exclusive rights over trade,
mines, and railroads
OPEN DOOR POLICY
• Proposed in 1899 by Secretary of State John
Hay
• Keep all ports in their spheres open to all
nations for trade
• Allow Chinese officials to collect all tariffs
and duties
• Guarantee equal railroad, harbor, and tariff
rates
BOXER REBELLION
• Caused by Chinese resentment of foreigners
• Fists of Righteous Harmony begins
rebellion
• In 1900, they attacked Western missionaries
and traders in northern China, killing 300
• Laid siege to foreign settlement in Beijing
• Rebellion ends as international force enters
JAPAN
• Japan becomes imperial power as a result of
1894 invasion of China
• 1853- Commodore Matthew Perry had
sailed into Tokyo Bay
• President Millard Fillmore had encouraged
Perry to persuade Japan to open itself up to
trade with the West
• Japan becomes industrialized and builds a
strong army and navy
• 1894- invades China
• 1904- attacks Russia in Manchuria
RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR
• Japanese victory might lead to strong
competitor in Asia
• Russian victory might lead to end of U.S.
trade with Manchuria
• May,1905- Japan wins crucial battles and
asks for U.S. mediation
• Pres. Roosevelt negotiates end to war and
wins Nobel Peace Prize
GREAT WHITE FLEET
• 1907- President Roosevelt sends 4
destroyers and 16 battleships on world
cruise
• Roosevelt- “the Pacific was as much our
home waters as the Atlantic”
CUBA
• 1899- Pres. McKinley appoints Leonard
Wood as governor of Cuba
• Changes are made such as construction of
schools and a sanitation system
• Dr. Carlos Finlay discovered mosquitoes
cause yellow fever
• Cubans want independence
PLATT AMENDMENT
• Limits Cuba’s right to make treaties with
other countries
• Allowed U.S. to intervene in Cuban affairs
if necessary
• Made Cuba to sell or lease land for U.S.
naval or fueling stations (Guantanamo Bay)
• Made Cuba a protectorate
PANAMA CANAL
• The United States had long wanted a
shortcut from the Atlantic Ocean to the
Pacific Ocean
• Nov. 3, 1903- Panamanian rebels begin
revolution
• Nov. 4, 1903- rebels win and declare
Panama an independent nation
• Nov. 6, 1903- U.S. recognizes Panama and
Hay begins negotiation
• Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty gives U.S.
complete and unending sovereignty over a
10-mile wide canal zone
• Roosevelt later said- “I took the Canal Zone
and let Congress debate”
ROOSEVELT COROLLARY
• 1823- Monroe Doctrine
• Raw materials and trade possibilities
garnered European and American interest in
Latin America in late 1800s
• Europeans gave high-interest loans
• 1902- Great Britain, Germany, and Italy
blockade and attack Venezuelan shipping
• Roosevelt states that not only will U.S. keep
European powers out of the hemisphere, but
that the U.S. will directly intervene in Latin
American nations if necessary
• “Speak softly, but carry a big stick”
• Accused of “gunboat diplomacy”
DOLLAR DIPLOMACY
• Following Roosevelt as President, Taft
promotes the use of economic power rather
than military force
• Suggest replacing European loans with
American
• U.S. invests in railroads, mines,and banana
and sugar plantations
WILSON
• Wanted democratic governments in Latin
America to discourage European
involvement
• Sent troops to Caribbean nations to put
down revolts and establish constitutional
governments