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AGE OF IMPERIALISM IMPERIALISM • Imperialism is the quest for colonial empires • It can include the use of economic, political, or military power REASONS • Increase trade by providing market for manufactured goods • Gain sources for raw materials • Secure military advantages • Increase prestige • Share religious and cultural beliefs SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR • • • • Cuba- series of revolts against Spanish rule 1868- beginning of revolts Cuban leaders exiled 1896- Spanish send Gen. Valeriano Weyler to crush revolt- “the Butcher” Unites States Reaction • U.S. Press wants war with Spain • Hearst and Pulitzer very vocal • Pres. McKinley wants to avoid war Events leading to war • Feb. 9, 1898- Hearst’s journal prints comment of Spanish official concerning McKinley- “weak, and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd” • Feb. 15, 1898- The Maine explodes in Havana, Cuba. Spain is blamed. • Apr. 20, 1898- Congress recognizes Cuban independence and votes for military force Teller Amendment • States that the United States claimed no “sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control” over Cuba • After defeating Spain, control would rest with Cuban people FAMOUS BATTLES • Philippine Islands- Spanish-controlled • May 1, 1898- Battle of Manila Bay • Commodore George Dewey defeats Spanish fleet • Cuba and Puerto Rico- Spanish-controlled • July 1, 1898- U.S. begins assault on Santiago • El Caney and San Juan Hill • Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders • July 3, 1898- U.S. defeats Spanish fleet off coast of Cuba • Troops defeat Spanish in Puerto Rico RESULTS OF WAR • • • • Spain grants Cuba its independence Spain gives Puerto Rico and Guam to U.S. Spain gives up control of the Philippines United States gains prestige as world power ANNEXATION DEBATE • Expansionists argue in favor based upon commercial reasons, naval concerns, the belief that the U.S. would bring democratic government to the Philippines, and that European powers would be kept away • Anti-Imperialist League formed in June 1898 argues that U.S. should not become imperial power and annexation of Philippines would violate American principles WAR IN PHILIPPINES • Aguinaldo sets up provisional government and proclaims himself President • Filipino rebels fight 3-year war against U.S. • 1902- Congress passes Philippine Government Act • Total independence will not come until U.S. concludes that a stable government has been established • Philippines get independence in 1946 ACQUISITION OF HAWAII • U.S. interest in Hawaii was because of 2 major reasons: strategic location along trade routes to China and fertile soil • During the 1820s, New England Protestant missionaries travel to Hawaii • By 1870s, their descendents had become major landowners in Hawaii • In 1886, Hawaiian king Kalakaua attempts to restrict American influence. • Hawaiian League is formed to overthrow the monarchy and persuade U.S. annexation • 1887- League forces Kalakaua to sign a new constitution that limited his power • U.S. gets rights to use Pearl Harbor as naval base • 1891- Kalakaua is succeeded by his sister, Liliuokalani • Queen Liliuokalani tries to encourage Hawaiian nationalism • U.S. oversees end to monarchy • Does not annex until 1898 CHINA • United States trade with China began in 1784 when Empress of China (trading ship) sailed for Guangzhou • 1843- China opens 5 ports to trade from U.S. and Europe • China’s weakness leads to European powers (Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia) making China to divide into spheres of influence • Spheres of Influence- where a foreign nation has exclusive rights over trade, mines, and railroads OPEN DOOR POLICY • Proposed in 1899 by Secretary of State John Hay • Keep all ports in their spheres open to all nations for trade • Allow Chinese officials to collect all tariffs and duties • Guarantee equal railroad, harbor, and tariff rates BOXER REBELLION • Caused by Chinese resentment of foreigners • Fists of Righteous Harmony begins rebellion • In 1900, they attacked Western missionaries and traders in northern China, killing 300 • Laid siege to foreign settlement in Beijing • Rebellion ends as international force enters JAPAN • Japan becomes imperial power as a result of 1894 invasion of China • 1853- Commodore Matthew Perry had sailed into Tokyo Bay • President Millard Fillmore had encouraged Perry to persuade Japan to open itself up to trade with the West • Japan becomes industrialized and builds a strong army and navy • 1894- invades China • 1904- attacks Russia in Manchuria RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR • Japanese victory might lead to strong competitor in Asia • Russian victory might lead to end of U.S. trade with Manchuria • May,1905- Japan wins crucial battles and asks for U.S. mediation • Pres. Roosevelt negotiates end to war and wins Nobel Peace Prize GREAT WHITE FLEET • 1907- President Roosevelt sends 4 destroyers and 16 battleships on world cruise • Roosevelt- “the Pacific was as much our home waters as the Atlantic” CUBA • 1899- Pres. McKinley appoints Leonard Wood as governor of Cuba • Changes are made such as construction of schools and a sanitation system • Dr. Carlos Finlay discovered mosquitoes cause yellow fever • Cubans want independence PLATT AMENDMENT • Limits Cuba’s right to make treaties with other countries • Allowed U.S. to intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary • Made Cuba to sell or lease land for U.S. naval or fueling stations (Guantanamo Bay) • Made Cuba a protectorate PANAMA CANAL • The United States had long wanted a shortcut from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean • Nov. 3, 1903- Panamanian rebels begin revolution • Nov. 4, 1903- rebels win and declare Panama an independent nation • Nov. 6, 1903- U.S. recognizes Panama and Hay begins negotiation • Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty gives U.S. complete and unending sovereignty over a 10-mile wide canal zone • Roosevelt later said- “I took the Canal Zone and let Congress debate” ROOSEVELT COROLLARY • 1823- Monroe Doctrine • Raw materials and trade possibilities garnered European and American interest in Latin America in late 1800s • Europeans gave high-interest loans • 1902- Great Britain, Germany, and Italy blockade and attack Venezuelan shipping • Roosevelt states that not only will U.S. keep European powers out of the hemisphere, but that the U.S. will directly intervene in Latin American nations if necessary • “Speak softly, but carry a big stick” • Accused of “gunboat diplomacy” DOLLAR DIPLOMACY • Following Roosevelt as President, Taft promotes the use of economic power rather than military force • Suggest replacing European loans with American • U.S. invests in railroads, mines,and banana and sugar plantations WILSON • Wanted democratic governments in Latin America to discourage European involvement • Sent troops to Caribbean nations to put down revolts and establish constitutional governments