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Biotic and Abiotic Factors of the Ocean MARINE LIFE ZONES INTERTIDAL ZONES *Intertidal areas: the place where the ocean meets the land (shore); *organisms must be able to live underwater (high tide) and out of water (low tide) *must have adaptations that allow them to hold on during the crashing of the waves *crabs, clams, snails, worms, plankton, algae *Abundance of dissolved oxygen and nitrogen *High salinity *Very warm (summer) to freezing (winter) *Depth of 5-10m (16-33 ft.) *Turbulent water due to tides *Low water pressure (shallow) Neritic Zone – Coral Reefs Warm, shallow, sunlit areas where tiny animals called corals live in large groups *over time, skeletons of dead corals build up and form a reef *coral reefs are a thriving ecosystem of corals, algae, sea stars, sea anemones, sponges, plankton, dolphins and brightly colored fish *Neritic zone *High D.O. and CO2 *Stable salinity 32-38ppt (part per thousand) *Lots of sunlight-stable temps 24 °C *From surface down to about 200 ft. *Affected by currents and waves *Low water pressure *Special structures that allow for attaching to the reef (some of them) OCEANIC ZONE *Open ocean zone *Lower Nutrient levels *High levels of salinity *Temperature decrease with depth *As deep as 200m *Water is constantly mixed by currents and differences in density *Water pressure increases with increasing depth *Organisms are adapted to swimming *Plankton, whales, squids, sharks etc. BENTHIC ZONE *Ocean floor *Nutrients “rain down” *Oxygen-deficient *High salinity-most dense *Continuous cold temps. 0-30degr. *Depth varies ( bottom of the neritic and oceanic zones) *Water movement due to currents and density differences – colder water and water with higher salinity are more dense *Highest water pressure *Bacteria, worms, sea urchins, kelps; sea stars, sea cucumbers; anglerfish * must be able to withstand extreme water pressure, cold temps and low D.O. and adaptations for darkness