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Notes: Oceanography Overview Name: _____________________________ Block: ________ 1. _______________% of Earth is covered with oceans 2. Dissolved elements in Ocean Water: Salinity is a measure of ____________________________ ___________________ in water Average salinity is 35 grams of salt per 1000 grams of water _______________% _________________________ & _____________________ are the 2 main elements dissolved in ocean water 3. Sunlight penetration: The blue spectrum of sunlight travels the best in water, therefore the oceans look ________________. The top layer of the ocean is _________________ due to the penetration of sunlight. The amount of sunlight that penetrates the ocean affects life in the _______________________. - Temperature V/S Depth The _______________________________ is the layer in the ocean where the temperature dramatically ___________________________. It separates the mixed layer at the top from cold deep layer below. Remember: ______________________________________help transfer ______________ in our oceans! 4. Ocean currents - Ocean currents exist at many levels in the ocean: surface currents mid-level currents & deep sea currents. Ocean currents help _________________________ the Sun’s _____________ and important _______________________ for ocean life. 5. Upwelling - Upwelling occurs when _____________________________________________water rises to replace the warmer, nutrient depleted water. Because cold water is more dense, upwelling is initiated by the _________________. It pushes the warm water out of the way, so the cold water can rise. Upwelling is important for the _______________________________ because it allows nutrients (___________) to rise for the fish to eat and grow. El Nino Conditions cause: Loss of fish/________________________ Warmer surface water Increase in _____________________ (warmer water= more evaporation) 6. Coral reefs Formation of a coral atoll - Coral reefs are underwater structures of ________________________________________made by corals (living organisms) Corals are actually animals and the reef is the habitat they build. Ancient coral reefs may have formed the present day ______________________________ The Great Barrier Reef in Australia is the largest _______________________________________ on Earth They are _____________________________and sensitive. They can be destroyed by temperature changes, pollution, and by being hit/struck. Coral atolls form from _______________________________________ The enclosed water is called a _____________________. They are just one type of coral reef (fringing, barrier, patch, ribbon…) Most Corals only survive in shallow, warm water 79°-81°F. Coral ___________________________________ occurs when the corals die. The colors fade away, but the calcium carbonate “shell” remains.