Download Phrases and Clauses - Laurel County Schools

Unit 3 Cover Page (Must have
colored Picture): Phrases and
Clauses
TABS:
DARTS, NOTES, WRITING
For my favorite freshman 
DARTS:
I Can:
1. Distinguish between types of phrases.
2. Use and understand the functions of verbals
(participles, gerunds, infinitives) in context.
3. Use phrases to join sentences and add detail.
Phrase:
• A group of words that work together to express meaning but that
do not include a subject and a verb.
• There are several kinds of phrases:
• Prepositional
adverbial
• Appositive
adjectival
• Participial
• Gerund
• infinitive
1. Prepositional Phrases
Consists of a preposition and a noun or pronoun, called
the object of the preposition. Ex:// Over their heads,
until dark, after the baseball game
APPLICATION 1: Use at least five prepositional
phrases to describe your plans for the weekend.
2. Adjectival Phrases
A prepositional phrase that modifies a noun or pronoun by telling
what kind or which one.
Adjectives
Adjectival Phrases
A beautiful painting hung in the palace.
A painting of great beauty hung in the palace.
(What kind of painting?)
Mary had a paperbag lunch.
Mary had a lunch from a paperbag.
(What kind of lunch?)
Application 2:
Rewrite the following sentences by adding adjective
phrases to make them more descriptive and
informative.
1. I gave the people a tour.
2. France is a country.
3. The store has posters.
Adverbial Phrases
A prepositional that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb
by pointing out where, why, when, in what way, or to what
extent.
Modifying a verb
The ball rolled across the floor.
Modifying an adj
Charlie was annoyed beyond belief.
Modifying an adverb He buried the thought deep in his
mind.
Application 3:
Write a sentence with an adverbial
phrase that answers each question:
Where? Why? When? In what way?
To what extent?
Assignment:
Page 359—Practice 15.1A and 15.1B
WRITING: Describe your bedroom
Using at least eight prepositional
Phrases. Draw your room illustrating
The phrases, color it, and then label
Them.
DARTS:
I can:
1. Identify, use, and understand appositives
and appositive phrases.
2. Combine sentences using appositive
phrases.
4. Appositive
• The term appositive comes from a Latin verb that
means “to put near or next to.”
• A group of words that identifies, renames, or
explains a noun or pronoun.
Ex:// The home team, the Jaguars, won the game.
Nonessential (Non-restrictive)
/Essential (Restrictive)
Commas are used when appositives are nonessential. In other
words, the appositives could be taken out of the sentences
without changing the meaning of it. Non=Not (Not changing)
Commas are not used when they are essential (important) to
the meaning of the sentence.
Ex://The artist Monet was a French painter.
EXAMPLES OF ESSENTIAL AND
NONESSENTIAL
--We watched The Wizard of Oz, my favorite movie, on TV
last night.
--We watched The Wizard of Oz on TV last night.
If you omit the appositive my favorite movie, you can still tell
which movie I mean. Because the appositive is not needed to
identify which movie, it is nonessential and set off with
commas.
Which appositive is essential or nonessential
and where should commas be placed?
My sister Blake is a fine athlete. She
graduated from UK a fine school.
Appositive Phrases
A noun or pronoun with modifiers that adds information
by identifying, renaming, or explaining a noun or
pronoun.
Appositives and appositive phrases may follow nouns or
pronouns used in almost any role within a sentence.
Ex:// She explained numismatics, the hobby of coin
collecting.
Roles of Appositive Phrases in Sentences
Identifying a Subject
Ernest Hemingway, a famous author, wrote in terse style.
Identifying a Direct Object The chef prepared lasagna, an Italian dish.
Identifying an Indirect Object I brought my brother, a boy of six, a souvenir from my trip.
Identifying Object Complement I chose the color purple, an unusual color for a house.
Identifying Predicate Nominative
My favorite food is cassoulet, a hearty stew.
Identifying Object of a Preposition Store the onions in the cellar, a cool, dry place.
Application 4:
Recreate the chart you made on “Roles of appositive phrases
in sentences.” In your chart, replace each sentence with one
of your own. Make sure your examples fulfill the functions
described in the chart. Use commas to set off nonessential
appositives.
Use two different highlighters to highlight the word that the
appositive phrase identifies and the appositive phrase.
Compound Appositives
Examples:
The entire team—guards, forwards, and centers--practiced
together.
All computers, desktops and laptops, are on sale this month.
I used my favorite colors—pink and lavender—to make the
quilt.
Assignment:
Practice 15.1C and 15.1D on page 363. Do as the directions say.
WRITING 2:
Write a piece centered around the actions of a single character. You
may write a story about that character, or you may write a piece of
information text that is written by that character. Include at least 10
appositives correctly used and punctuated in context. You must use
both essential (no commas) and non-essential (commas) appositives in your
writing. Your appositives must be underlined.
DARTS:
I CAN:
Identify, use, and understand verbal phrases, including
participles.
VERBAL
…When
a verb is used as a noun, adjective, or an
adverb. Although a “verbal” does not function as verb,
it retains two characteristics of verbs:
1) It can be modified in different ways,
and 2) It can have one or more
complements.
Brainstorm a list of Present Tense Verbs…
• EX:// Limping and Aching
• Drinking
Singing
• Moving
• Thinking
• Writing
Now, add words that your participles could
modify…
• Limping hiker
• Aching head
• Drinking child
• Moving person
• Thinking brain
• Writing hand
Singing girl
Write three sentences using your new
“Participial phrases” 
• The limping hiker favored his aching head.
• The smiling baby was photogenic.
• The playing dog was very energetic.
• The hurting worker had swelling bones.
• The yawning mouth shows he is sleepy.
5. PARTICIPLE
All of the phrases you just wrote are PARTICIPLE PHRASES!!!
A Participle is a form of a verb that can act as an ADJECTIVE.
**VERB or PARTICIPLE?????
--A verb shows an action, condition, or fact that something exists.
--A participle acting as an adjective describes a noun or pronoun.
ACTING AS VERB
ACTING AS PARTICIPLE
The dog is snarling at the plumber.
The snarling dog attacked the
plumber.
PARTICIPIAL PHRASE
A participle modified by an adverb or adverbial phrase or accompanied by a
complement. The entire phrase acts as an ADJECTIVE.
Traveling quickly, we completed the trip in two hours.
Avoiding stops, we completed the trip in two hours.
**The participial is always preceded or followed by a NOUN!!!!!!
BECAUSE it is an ADJECTIVE….
And ADJECTIVES DESCRIBE NOUNS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
PAINTING WITH PARTICIPLES
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sentence with no participles:
The toddler cried on the kitchen floor.
Sentence with two ing participles:
Kicking and screaming, the toddler cried on the kitchen floor.
Sentence with two ing participial phrases:
Kicking the white tiles, screaming for a cookie, the toddler
cried on the kitchen floor.
WHERE DO PARTICIPLES GO?
• Participles can begin a sentence:
Chasing a tennis ball, the Golden Retriever barreled across the backyard.
• Participles can interrupt a sentence:
The Golden Retriever, chasing a tennis ball, barreled across the backyard.
• Participles can end a sentence:
The Golden Retriever barreled across the backyard, chasing a tennis ball.
PUNCTUATION OF PARTICIPLES
Participial phrases are always set off by
punctuation, usually commas:
• The weatherman, pointing anxiously at a
colorful radar map, predicted flash floods.
IDENTIFY PARTICIPLES FROM
LITERATURE:
• Pedaling rapidly down the path, Jonas felt oddly proud to have
joined those who took the pills. —Lois Lowry, The Giver
• Then, propping the hatchet in a crack in the rock wall, he had
pulled the head of his spear against it, carving a thin piece off
each time, until the thick end tapered down to a needle point. —
Gary Paulsen, Hatchet
ARRANGE PARTICIPLES FROM
LITERATURE:
Create a sentence. Write the sentence, punctuating correctly, and
underline and label the participial phrases.
•
•
•
•
•
•
in the rear
sat
dressed not in his usual two-piece suit
feeling ridiculous
Artemis
but in normal teenager clothing
CHECK YOURSELF:
• Artemis sat in the rear, feeling ridiculous, dressed not
in his usual two-piece suit, but in normal teenager
clothing.
—Eoin Colfer, Artemis Fowl: The Opal Deception
IMITATE PARTICIPLES:
Write a sentence about a different subject, imitating the
structure of the model sentence. Underline and label the
participial phrases.
• The little bag was made of faded green material, gathered at the
top with a black string.
—Jeanne DuPrau, The City of Ember
IMITATE THE PARTICIPLES:
Combine the sentences below to make one sentence
with a participial phrase. Underline and label the
participial phrase.
• Argon heaved a massive sigh.
+
• Argon rested his hands on both knees.
• Argon heaved a massive sigh, resting his
hands on both knees.
—Eoin Colfer, Artemis Fowl: The Opal
Deception
EXPAND WITH PARTICIPLES:
Write the sentence below, filling in the blanks with participial
phrases. Underline and label each participial phrase.
• ________________, the river was a brute force,
_____________________________________.
—Christopher Paolini, Eragon
Compose With Participles:
• In response to the following picture prompts, write at least
two sentences with participial phrases. Underline and label
each participial phrase.
ASSIGNMENT
•Page 367—Practice 15.1E and
15.1F
• Do as the directions say
DARTS:
• I can identify, use, and understand gerunds and gerund phrases.
• I can identify, use, and understand infinitives and infinitive phrases.
6. GERUND
A form of a verb that ends in –ing and acts as a NOUN.
FUNCTIONS
OF
GERUNDS
SUBJECT
Skiing is my favorite pastime.
DIRECT OBJECT
This Italian food makes eating a pleasure.
INDIRECT OBJECT
Ms. Anders’ lecture gave traveling a new
dimension.
PREDICATE NOMINATIVE
My dad’s favorite activity is fishing.
OBJECT of A PREPOSITION
His dog showed signs of careful training.
APPOSITIVE
Brady’s profession, advertising, is very
competitive.
PRACTICE…
SPORTS
skiing
swim
ming
fishing
golfing
Now, use gerunds to fill out a cluster
diagram with your hobbies.
Verb? Participle? Or Gerund?
Words ending in –ing that act as nouns are called gerunds. Unlike verbs ending
in –ing, gerunds do not have helping verbs. Unlike participles ending in –ing,
they do not act as adjectives.
Verb
Kevin is yawning at his desk.
Participle The yawning boy was very tired.
Gerund
Yawning is contagious.
GERUND PHRASE
A gerund phrase consists of a gerund and one or more modifiers or a
complement. These phrases act together as a noun.
With Adjectives
Solo flying is not for beginners.
With an Adverb
Answering quickly is not always a good idea.
With a Prep Phrase
Many places in the city prohibit walking on the grass.
With a DO
Pierre was incapable of reciting the poem.
With an IO & DO
The algebra teacher tried giving her students praise.
Do You Understand???
1. Which of the following begins with an introductory participial phrase?
• His father, a successful engineer, founded the company.
• Now highly successful, the electronics company was founded by his father.
• Founded by his father, the electronics company is successful.
2. How is the following verb used in the sentence? As a verb, participial, or gerund?
Let’s go dancing at the studio tonight.
3. How is the following verb used in the sentence? As a verb, participial, or gerund?
Holly has been flying her plane since she learned yesterday.
7. INFINITIVES
A form of a verb that generally
appears with the word to in front of
it and acts as a noun, adjective, or an
adverb.
How are INFINITIVES used???
AS NOUNS
AS MODIFIERS
Subject To understand life requires
maturity and acceptance.
Adjective The children
showed a willingness to
cooperate.
DO The peasants decided to rebel.
PN The soldier’s only hope was to
surrender.
Appositive You have one choice,
to stay.
Adverb Some people were
unable to fight.
Note about Infinitives Without to:
Sometimes infinitives do not include the word to. When an
infinitive follows one of the eight verbs listed below, the to is
generally omitted. However, it may be understood.
Dare help make see hear let please watch
INFINITIVE PHRASE
Consists of an infinitive and its modifiers, complements,
or subject, all acting together as a single part of speech.
EX:// Jeffrey’s family likes to eat early.
To skate on the ice is not easy.
He hated to leave New York City.
ASSIGNMENT:
Page 372—Exercise 15.1G, Page 373—Exercise 15.1I and Exercise 15.1J
WRITING APPLICATION 4:
Look at the original “Dear Abby” letter and rewrite it to make the
text more concise and to include infinitives—at least 8 of them:
Please help me. I’m seventeen years old, and my mother treats me like I’m
five. She likes to make my bed in the morning, choose my clothes, and kiss
me goodbye when I leave for school. When I come home, she wants to fix
me a snack and talk about my day. I love her, but she’s loving me to death. I
want her to stop treating me like a small child. I need some more
independence. When I try telling her this, she cries. – A loving ____ who needs
more space.
CLAUSES
DARTS:
I can:
1. Recognize and use independent and dependent
(subordinate) clauses.
2. Distinguish between the types of dependent
clauses.
3. Understand how to punctuate clauses.
CLAUSES
MOST IMPORTANT RULE: In order to be a clause, a group of words MUST
contain a subject and a verb.
TWO BASIC KINDS OF CLAUSES:
1. Independent—can stand alone as sentences
Ex://Ms. Anders teaches English, and her friend teaches history.
2. Dependent—although it has a subject and a verb, cannot stand alone as a
complete sentence.
Ex://Unless the rain stops soon, the river will flood those houses.
Adjectival Clauses
-A
dependent clause that modifies a noun or pronoun in another
clause by telling what kind or which one.
Adjective clause begins with one of these relative pronouns:
That, which, who, whom, whose
adverbs:
or one of these relative
Before, since, when, where, why
Ex://I finished reading the book that you loaned me.
Essential and Nonessential Adjectival Clauses
Nonessential Clauses
Essential Clauses
One of Dicken’s best characters is
Charles Darnay, who is a main
character in A Tale of Two Cities.
The novel that everyone must read
by Monday promises to be very
exciting.
Jean McCurdy, who studied hard
every evening for a month, won the
statewide competition.
A student who studies regularly
usually finds test-taking easy.
RESTRICTIVE AND NON-RESTRICTIVE
Restrictive (Same as Essential)
--It tells which one of the noun you are
writing about.
--It is not separated from the rest of the
sentence by commas.
-The relative pronoun that always begins a
restrictive clause
Non-Restrictive (Same as Nonessential
-A clause is nonrestrictive if we know
exactly who is being written about
without it.
-Proper nouns are usually followed by
a non-restrictive clause.
-The relative pronoun which often begins a
nonrestrictive clause
PRACTICE ESSENTIAL/NONESSENTIAL
1. Mr. Harris who is a friend of my parents came to our house on Thanksgiving.
RESTRICTIVE/ NON-RESTRICTIVE
2. We stayed at a castle where a ghost is said to still appear.
RESTRICTIVE/NON-RESTRICTIVE
3. On her website are Tracy’s newest photographs which she took in Northern
Spain. RESTRICTIVE/NON-RESTRICTIVE
4. Those students who got good report cards will be on the honor roll.
RESTRICTIVE/NON-RESTRICTIVE
Did You Get The Correct?
1. Mr. Harris who is a friend of my parents came to our house on Thanksgiving.
RESTRICTIVE/ NON-RESTRICTIVE
2. We stayed at a castle where a ghost is said to still appear.
RESTRICTIVE/NON-RESTRICTIVE
1. On her website are Tracy’s newest photographs which she took in Northern
Spain. RESTRICTIVE/NON-RESTRICTIVE
2. Those students who got good report cards will be on the honor roll.
RESTRICTIVE/NON-RESTRICTIVE
Assignments:
1. Write down the definitions for Restrictive and Nonrestrictive clauses in your notes. (Page 378)
2. Page 379: 15.2 A and 15.2B (Follow Directions)
3. Page 381: 15.2E
MORE PRACTICE…
Parts of a Good Newspaper Article
1. Headline-Short attention getting
statetment
2. Byline-Tells who wrote the story
3. Explanation—Other facts or
details the reader might need to
know.
4. Additional Information-Least
important information
WRITING
Write a newspaper article about
Romeo’s banishment from Verona.
(It must include all parts of a good
newspaper article)
Also, it must include 5 restrictive
clauses and 5 unrestrictive clauses.
HIGHLIGHT them in different
colors in your paper.
TEST PRACTICE:
1. Read the paragraph on page 382 of your
grammar book.
2. Answer AND justify questions 1-4.
Answers to Page 382:
1. C—Delete the commas after dish and before
2. G—Delete the comma after foods
3. C—Friends who visit us on ethnic night never know what
we will serve them.
4. J—There is one rule: everyone must at least try each of the
courses we serve.
Relative Pronouns
--connect adjective clauses to the words they modify and act as subjects,
direct objects, objects of prepositions, or adjectives in the dependent
clauses.
To tell how a relative pronoun is used within a clause, separate the clause from the
rest of the sentence, and find the subject and verb in the clause.
Ex://Mario, whom my sister met at college, is a poet. (Direct object)
(reworded clause: my sister met whom at college)
Relative Adverbs
--connect adjective clauses to the words
they modify and act as adverbs in the
clauses.
Ex://Pat yearned for the day when she could
walk without crutches.
Adverbial Clauses
--modify verbs, adjectives, adverbs, or verbals by telling where,
when, in what way, to what extent, under what condition, or
why.
--begin with subordinating conjunctions and contain
subjects and verbs.
Ex://Although it rained, the game was still played.
Subordinating Conjunctions
After
although
as
as if
as long as
because
Before
even though
if
since
so that
than
Though unless
until
when
whenever
where
Wherever
while
Ex://It rained. They did not go out.
Because it rained, they did not go out.
Time for Practice….
Page 386; 15.2G and 15.2H; AND Writing
Application 6:
Write one sentence with each of the
following adverbial clauses:
While I slept; because it was raining;
after the show.
Elliptical Adverb Clauses
--a clause in which the verb or the subject and verb are understood but not
actually stated.
Verb Understood:
His sister resembles their father more than he [does].
Subject and Verb Understood: His sister resembles their father more than
[she resembles] him.
**When you read or write elliptical clauses, mentally include the omitted words
to clarify the intended meaning.
NOUN CLAUSES
--a dependent clause that acts as a noun. It tells what or whom the
sentence is about.
--In a sentence, a noun clause may act as a subject, direct object,
indirect object, predicate nominative, object of a preposition, or
appositive.
Ex://Whatever you lost can be found in the office.
Introductory Words in Noun Clauses
Functions in Clauses
Examples
Adjective
She could not decide which kitten was her
favorite.
Adverb
We want to know how we should dress.
Subject
I want the recipe from whoever made that
delicious casserole.
Direct Object
Whatever my supervisor advised, I did.
No Function
The doctor determined that he had the flu.
Functions of Noun Clauses in Sentences
--Note that in the following chart the introductory word that
has no function except to introduce the clause.
Acting as a Subject
Whoever is last must pay the penalty.
Acting as a Direct Object
Please invite whomever you want to the
party.
Acting as a Indirect object
His manner gave whoever met him a
shock.
Acting as a Predicate Nominative
Our problem is whether we should stay
or go.
Acting as an Object of a Preposition
Use the money for whatever purpose you
choose.
Acting as an Appositive
The occupied country rejected our plea
that orphans be cared for by the Red
Cross.
PRACTICE TIME…..
Page 391—Practice 15.2I AND 15.2J
Then, WRITING APPLICATION 7:
Use this sentence, “What happened next made me a
believer,” and write a paragraph about what happened
next using THREE NOUN CLAUSES. Highlight the
clauses.
DARTS:
1. I can recognize the four structures of sentences.
2. I can understand how to correctly combine
sentences.
3. I can use a variety of correct structures of
sentences when speaking and writing.
1. SIMPLE SENTENCE
--Contains
a single independent or main clause. Its
subject, verb, or both may be compound.
Ex://The snow melted.
Ed and I checked our answers.
The tree rotted and died.
2. COMPOUND SENTENCE
--contains two or more independent clauses. The clauses
can be joined by a comma and a coordinating
conjunction or by a semicolon.
Ex: A Sotho bride carries a beaded doll at her wedding,
and she keeps the doll for a year.
3.COMPLEX SENTENCE
Consists of one independent clause and one dependent
clause.
Ex: No one answered the phone when she called us.
The bouquet of flowers that the bride carried didn’t
have any roses.
4. Compound-Complex Sentence
--consists
of two or more independent clauses and
one or more dependent clauses.
Ex:/The roof leaks when it rains heavily, and we
have to repaint the ceilings so that we cover any
water stains.
Practice: Page 394, Ex. A and B
Ex. 15.3A: Write every sentence. Highlight the independent clauses in pink
and the dependent clauses in yellow. Highlight commas and coordinating
conjunctions in green. Label the sentence under its structure.
15.3B: Use each group of words to write the type of sentence indicated.
Highlight your independent clauses in pink and dependent clauses in
yellow.
If your sentence doesn’t match the structure, rewrite it.
WRITING APPLICATION: Label each sentence in your paragraph in its
structure. How many of each do you have?