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2016 APES REVIEW “The larger the island of knowledge, the longer the shoreline of wonder.”—R.W. Sockman (A) Coal (B) Sun (C)Aluminum (D) trees (E) clay For question sets, choices may be used once, more than once, or not at all. Select the BEST choice for each question. Q1: A potentially renewable resource Q2: A renewable resource; human action has little to do with the life-span of this resource Q3: a nonrenewable resource and a fossil fuel Q4: a nonrenewable resource and a metallic mineral Q5: a nonrenewable resource and a nonmetallic mineral (A) Coal (B) Sun (C)Aluminum (D) trees (E) clay For question sets, choices may be used once, more than once, or not at all. Select the BEST choice for each question. Q1: A potentially renewable resource D Q2: A renewable resource; human action has little to do with the life-span of this resource B Q3: a nonrenewable resource and a fossil fuel A Q4: a nonrenewable resource and a metallic mineral C Q5: a nonrenewable resource and a nonmetallic mineral E (A) Persistence (B) biodegradable (C)cleanup (D) concentration (E)prevention Q6: the amount per unit volume of air, soil, water, or body weight Q7: method of dealing with pollution which receives relatively minor funding Q8: how long a pollutant remains in the air, soil, or body weight Q9: most efforts to improve environmental quality have focused on this Q10: capable of being decomposed by organisms, such as bacteria (A) Persistence (B) biodegradable (C)cleanup (D) concentration (E)prevention Q6: the amount per unit volume of air, soil, water, or body weight D Q7: method of dealing with pollution which receives relatively minor funding E Q8: how long a pollutant remains in the air, soil, or body weight A Q9: most efforts to improve environmental quality have focused on this C Q10: capable of being decomposed by organisms, such as bacteria B Which of the following statements regarding MDCs and LDCs is true? (A)MDCs are home to twice as many people as LDCs (B) MDCs are home to four times as many people as LDCs (C) MDCs have more rapid population growth rates than LDCs (D)MDCs have lower per capita GNPs than LDCs (E) MDCs generally have safer water supplies Which of the following statements regarding MDCs and LDCs is true? (A)MDCs are home to twice as many people as LDCs (B) MDCs are home to four times as many people as LDCs (C) MDCs have more rapid population growth rates than LDCs (D)MDCs have lower per capita GNPs than LDCs (E) MDCs generally have safer water supplies The level below which a potentially renewable resource can be used without reducing its available supply throughout the world or in a particular area? (A)Sustainable yield (B) Economic depletion (C) Resource partitioning (D)Symbiosis (E) Carrying capacity The level below which a potentially renewable resource can be used without reducing its available supply throughout the world or in a particular area? (A)Sustainable yield (B) Economic depletion (C) Resource partitioning (D)Symbiosis (E) Carrying capacity Human population growth over the last 4,000 years can best be described as: (A)Linear (B) Negative (C)Oscillating (D)Inverted (E) Exponential Human population growth over the last 4,000 years can best be described as: (A)Linear (B) Negative (C)Oscillating (D)Inverted (E) Exponential The maximum population of a particular species that a given habitat can support over a given period of time (A)Succession capacity (B) Impact capacity (C) Doubling capacity (D)Carrying capacity (E) Reserve capacity The maximum population of a particular species that a given habitat can support over a given period of time (A)Succession capacity (B) Impact capacity (C) Doubling capacity (D)Carrying capacity (E) Reserve capacity If a nation has a growth rate of 3.5%, how many years will it take for the population to double in size? (A)2 years (B) 10 years (C) 20 years (D) 35 years (E) 350 years If a nation has a growth rate of 3.5%, how many years will it take for the population to double in size? (A)2 years (B) 10 years (C) 20 years (D) 35 years (E) 350 years http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fHgnTDaKwCk Which of the following is an example of a nonpoint pollution source? (A)A smokestack at a coal-burning power plant (B) An automobile (C) A drainpipe coming from a paint manufacturing factory (D)Runoff of nitrogen fertilizers from an agricultural area (E) The chimney on a hospital incinerator Which of the following is an example of a nonpoint pollution source? (A) A smokestack at a coal-burning power plant (B) An automobile (C) A drainpipe coming from a paint manufacturing factory (D)Runoff of nitrogen fertilizers from an agricultural area (E) The chimney on a hospital incinerator http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0KDL_hWNRPY Which of the following choices contains only fossil fuels? (A)oil, solar, coal (B) Oil, coal, wind (C) Coal, water, natural gas (D)Natural gas, coal, uranium (E) Coal, natural gas, oil Which of the following choices contains only fossil fuels? (A)oil, solar, coal (B) Oil, coal, wind (C) Coal, water, natural gas (D)Natural gas, coal, uranium (E) Coal, natural gas, oil Nonrenewable resources are: (A)Inexhaustible (B) Always clean-burning (C)Finite in supply (D)Replenishing in human time frames (E)Always solids at room temperature Nonrenewable resources are: (A)Inexhaustible (B) Always clean-burning (C)Finite in supply (D)Replenishing in human time frames (E)Always solids at room temperature The degradation of spaces on and surrounding Earth which are outside of the domain/ownership/rule of any country is known as: (A)The common curve (B) The tragedy of the commons (C) The imminent domain (D)The circle of sustainability (E) The tragedy of the oceans The degradation of spaces on and surrounding Earth which are outside of the domain/ownership/rule of any country is known as: (A)The common curve (B)The tragedy of the commons (C) The imminent domain (D)The circle of sustainability (E) The tragedy of the oceans In the equation, I = P A T, I represents (A)Resource technology (B) Inertia of a population (C) Introduced species (D)Environmental impact of a population (E) Infant mortality In the equation, I = P A T, I represents (A)Resource technology (B) Inertia of a population (C) Introduced species (D)Environmental impact of a population (E) Infant mortality (A) Yellowstone National Park (B) Yosemite National Park (C)Cuyahoga River (Cleveland, Ohio) (D) Love Canal (New York) (E) Lake erie Q27: oil-polluted, caught fire in 1969 Q28: Hetch Hetchy is located here Q29: Millions of fish deaths, severe pollution, many beaches closed in the late 1960s Q30: the first national park in the world Q31: housing development evacuated due to toxic waste leaks (A) Yellowstone National Park (B) Yosemite National Park (C)Cuyahoga River (Cleveland, Ohio) (D) Love Canal (New York) (E) Lake erie Q27: oil-polluted, caught fire in 1969 C Q28: Hetch Hetchy is located here B Q29: Millions of fish deaths, severe pollution, many beaches closed in the late 1960s E Q30: the first national park in the world A Q31: housing development evacuated due to toxic waste leaks D See podcasts in notes page…for links to each case The first law of energy states that: (A)Doing work always creates heat (B) Altering matter is the best source of energy (C)Energy cannot be recycled (D)Energy is neither created nor destroyed (E)Entropy tends to increase The first law of energy states that: (A)Doing work always creates heat (B) Altering matter is the best source of energy (C)Energy cannot be recycled (D)Energy is neither created nor destroyed (E)Entropy tends to increase The form of nitrogen most usable to plants is A) B) C) D) E) Ammonia Nitrogen gas Proteins Nitrates Nucleic acids The form of nitrogen most usable to plants is A) B) C) D) E) Ammonia Nitrogen gas Proteins Nitrates Nucleic acids https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=leHy-Y_8nRs (crash course) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ro2Up6HPyCE (Mr. Cs) The amount of energy transferred from an organism on one trophic level to the next trophic level is approximately __% A) 1 B) 10 C) 30 D) 50 E) 90 The amount of energy transferred from an organism on one trophic level to the next trophic level is approximately __% A) 1 B) 10 C) 30 D) 50 E) 90 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mCHdhXMFhcU (the virtual school) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ScizkxMlEOM (10% rule explained) The ecological pyramid which best explains why there are typically only four or five links in a food chain is the pyramid of: A) Biomass B) matter C) numbers D) Energy E) inversion The ecological pyramid which best explains why there are typically only four or five links in a food chain is the pyramid of: A) Biomass B) matter C) numbers D) Energy E) inversion When organisms die, their nitrogenous organic compounds are converted to simpler inorganic compounds such as ammonia through the process of A) Nitrification B) nitrogen fixation C) Denitrification D) assimilation E) ammonification When organisms die, their nitrogenous organic compounds are converted to simpler inorganic compounds such as ammonia through the process of A) nitrification B) nitrogen fixation C) denitrification D) assimilation E) ammonification All of the following increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere EXCEPT: A) B) C) D) E) Respiration Photosynthesis Combustion Decomposition Volcanic eruption All of the following increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere EXCEPT: A) B) C) D) E) Respiration Photosynthesis Combustion Decomposition Volcanic eruption If there are 500,000 kilocalories (kcal) in the producer level, how many kcal will become incorporated in the tissues of the secondary consumers A) B) C) D) E) 5 50 500 5000 50,000 If there are 500,000 kilocalories (kcal) in the producer level, how many kcal will become incorporated in the tissues of the secondary consumers A) B) C) D) E) 5 50 500 5000 50,000 Ants, bees, wolves, and alligators are examples of organisms that are disproportionately important compared to their biomass in an ecosystem, and are therefore termed? A) B) C) D) E) Golden species Specialist species Indicator species Generalist species Keystone species Ants, bees, wolves, and alligators are examples of organisms that are disproportionately important compared to their biomass in an ecosystem, and are therefore termed? A) B) C) D) E) Golden species Specialist species Indicator species Generalist species Keystone species The biggest stores for carbon are found in these “sinks” A) Living organisms (especially plants) and the troposphere B) Ocean water and living phytoplankton C) The African continent and Antarctica D) Greenland and the Boreal Forests E) The Ocean Floor and continents https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RcmZ2vcvX9E The biggest stores for carbon are found in these “sinks” A) Living organisms (especially plants) and the troposphere B) Ocean water and living phytoplankton C) The African continent and Antarctica D) Greenland and the Boreal Forests E) The Ocean Floor and continents https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RcmZ2vcvX9E The energy of the sun is primarily the result of: A) The fusion of the two helium atoms to form carbon B) The fission of two hydrogen atom to form helium C) The fusion of two carbon atoms to form neon D) The fission of two neon atoms to form carbon E) The fusion of two hydrogen atoms to form helium The energy of the sun is primarily the result of: A) The fusion of the two helium atoms to form carbon B) The fission of two hydrogen atom to form helium C) The fusion of two carbon atoms to form neon D) The fission of two neon atoms to form carbon E) The fusion of two hydrogen atoms to form helium https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oIe1EDExxyg Net primary productivity A) Is the rate at which producers manufacture chemical energy through photosynthesis B) Is the rate at which producers use chemical energy through respiration C) Is the rate of photosynthesis plus the rate of cellular respiration D) Is the rate at which energy for use by consumers is stored in new biomass E) Is the rate at which plants and other producers use photosynthesis to make more plant material Net primary productivity A) Is the rate at which producers manufacture chemical energy through photosynthesis B) Is the rate at which producers use chemical energy through respiration C) Is the rate of photosynthesis plus the rate of cellular respiration D) Is the rate at which energy for use by consumers is stored in new biomass E) Is the rate at which plants and other producers use photosynthesis to make more plant material https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYuxjAzdV_g A) NH4+ B) NO2- C) NO3- D) NH3 E) HNO3 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Nitrite ion Ammonium ion Nitric acid Nitrate ion Ammonia A) NH4+ B) NO2- C) NO3- D) NH3 E) HNO3 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Nitrite ion Ammonium ion Nitric acid Nitrate ion Ammonia B A E C D Which of the following ecosystems has the LOWEST level of kilocalories per square meter per year? A) B) C) D) E) Savanna Tropical rain forest Agricultural land Lakes and streams Open ocean Which of the following ecosystems has the LOWEST level of kilocalories per square meter per year? A) B) C) D) E) Savanna Tropical rain forest Agricultural land Lakes and streams Open ocean https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYuxjAzdV_g ___ of the incoming solar energy is captured by green plants and bacteria and fuels photosynthesis to make the organic compounds that most lifeforms need to survive A) 90% B) 66 C) 40 D) 10 E) less than 1% ___ of the incoming solar energy is captured by green plants and bacteria and fuels photosynthesis to make the organic compounds that most lifeforms need to survive A) 90% B) 66 C) 40 D) 10 E) less than 1% Coral reefs, estuaries, and tidal zones are examples of: I. Biomes II. Aquatic life zones III. Niches A) I only B) II only C) III only D) I and III only E) II and III only Coral reefs, estuaries, and tidal zones are examples of: I. Biomes II. Aquatic life zones III. Niches A) I only B) II only C) III only D) I and III only E) II and III only https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HLemFucgDfc Of the following processes, which work (move) against gravity I. percolation II. transpiration III. infiltration A) I only B) II only C) III only D) I and II only E) II and III only Of the following processes, which work (move) against gravity I. percolation II. transpiration III. infiltration A) I only B) II only C) III only D) I and II only E) II and III only The major plant nutrient MOST likely to be a limiting factor is A) B) C) D) E) Phosphorus Calcium Manganese Potassium magnesium The major plant nutrient MOST likely to be a limiting factor is A) B) C) D) E) Phosphorus Calcium Manganese Potassium Magnesium https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NOJDQXOBEIw Which of the following is NOT one of the common phosphorus reservoirs in the ecosystem A) Water B) organisms C) atmosphere D) Rocks E) Soil Which of the following is NOT one of the common phosphorus reservoirs in the ecosystem A) Water B) organisms C) atmosphere D) Rocks E) Soil Condensation nuclei form from all of the following EXCEPT A) sea salt B) Soil dust C)Carbon monoxide emitted from vehicles D) Volcanic ash E) Particulate matter emitted by coal-burning power plants Condensation nuclei form from all of the following EXCEPT A) sea salt B) Soil dust C)Carbon monoxide emitted from vehicles D) Volcanic ash E) Particulate matter emitted by coal-burning power plants During an El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) A) Prevailing easterly winds weaken B) Surface water along the South and North American coasts becomes cooler C) Upwellings of cold, nutrient rich water are suppressed D) Upwellings of warm, nutrient poor water are suppressed E) Primary productivity increases During an El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) A) Prevailing easterly winds weaken B) Surface water along the South and North American coasts becomes cooler C) Upwellings of cold, nutrient rich water are suppressed D) Upwellings of warm, nutrient poor water are suppressed E) Primary productivity increases http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tyPq86yM_Ic Thick, spongy mats of low-growing plants are typical of the A) B) C) D) E) Arctic tundra Coniferous forest Tall-grass prairies Tropical forests Cold deserts Thick, spongy mats of low-growing plants are typical of the A) B) C) D) E) Arctic tundra Coniferous forest Tall-grass prairies Tropical forests Cold deserts http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v7cZ3b6PH2s Cone-bearing trees are characteristic of the A) B) C) D) E) Taiga Tropical rain forest Temperate deciduous forest Savanna Prairies Cone-bearing trees are characteristic of the A) B) C) D) E) Taiga Tropical rain forest Temperate deciduous forest Savanna Prairies Lakes that have few minerals and low productivity are referred to as A) B) C) D) E) Autotrophic Eutrophic Oligotrophic Mesotrophic Heterotrophic Lakes that have few minerals and low productivity are referred to as A) B) C) D) E) Autotrophic Eutrophic Oligotrophic Mesotrophic Heterotrophic Lake overturns bring A) Oxygen and nutrients to the surface B) Oxygen and nutrients to the lake bottom C) Oxygen to the surface and nutrients to the lake bottom D) Oxygen to the lake bottom and nutrients to the surface E) No movement of oxygen and nutrients Lake overturns bring A) Oxygen and nutrients to the surface B) Oxygen and nutrients to the lake bottom C) Oxygen to the surface and nutrients to the lake bottom D) Oxygen to the lake bottom and nutrients to the surface E) No movement of oxygen and nutrients Demo: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSFSNTI67wc http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XCh04Mi6gNo A desert is an area where: I. Average annual precipitation is less than 25 centimeters II. Evaporation is Slow III. The atmosphere (troposphere) serves as an excellent insulator A) I only B) II only C) III only D) I and II only E) I, I, and III A desert is an area where: I. Average annual precipitation is less than 25 centimeters II. Evaporation is Slow III. The atmosphere (troposphere) serves as an excellent insulator A) I only B) II only C) III only D) I and II only E) I, I, and III Ozone A) Is formed in the stratosphere through the interaction of infrared radiation and molecular oxygen B) Is considered a pollutant in the stratosphere C) Filters out all harmful ultraviolet radiation D) In the stratosphere forms a thermal cap that is important in determining the average temperature of the troposphere E) That forms in the troposphere generally travels to the stratosphere over a 2 to 3 month period of time Ozone A) Is formed in the stratosphere through the interaction of infrared radiation and molecular oxygen B) Is considered a pollutant in the stratosphere C) Filters out all harmful ultraviolet radiation D) In the stratosphere forms a thermal cap that is important in determining the average temperature of the troposphere E) That forms in the troposphere generally travels to the stratosphere over a 2 to 3 month period of time http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7c82X521jlM Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) The gulf stream is largely responsible for the mild climate in northwestern Europe B) The tilt and revolution of the earth as it rotates and moves around the sun cause seasonal variations in the temperature C) The inclination of the Earth’s axis and its rotation, as well as prevailing winds and differences in water density cause ocean currents D) Equatorial areas receive significantly more solar energy than polar areas, which contributes to the formation of three large convection cells known as Hadley cells, in both the northern and southern hemisphere (each contains 3 cells) E) The distance between the earth and the sun is the greatest determining factor involved in the creation of the seasons, with the summer season in each respective hemisphere corresponding to the time at which that portion of earth is closest (nearest) the sun http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7c82X521jlM (Khan- watch!!) Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) The gulf stream is largely responsible for the mild climate in northwestern Europe B) The tilt and revolution of the earth as it rotates and moves around the sun cause seasonal variations in the temperature C) The inclination of the Earth’s axis and its rotation, as well as prevailing winds and differences in water density cause ocean currents D) Equatorial areas receive significantly more solar energy than polar areas, which contributes to the formation of three large convection cells known as Hadley cells, in both the northern and southern hemisphere (each contains 3 cells) E) The distance between the earth and the sun is the greatest determining factor involved in the creation of the seasons, with the summer season in each respective hemisphere corresponding to the time at which that portion of earth is closest (nearest) the sun http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7c82X521jlM (Khan- watch!!) Which of the following is FALSE? Oceans are important because they A) Regulate climate B) Provide a source of many natural resources, such as minerals and fossil fuels C) Are one of the most highly productive ecosystems in the world on a unit area basis D) Participate in the biogeochemical cycle E) Play a major role in the hydrologic cycle Which of the following is FALSE? Oceans are important because they A) Regulate climate B) Provide a source of many natural resources, such as minerals and fossil fuels C) Are one of the most highly productive ecosystems in the world on a unit area basis D) Participate in the biogeochemical cycle E) Play a major role in the hydrologic cycle The ecosystem with the world’s highest net primary productivities per unit area are found in the A) B) C) D) E) Euphotic zone Abyssal zone Bathyal zone Coastal zone Benthic zone The ecosystem with the world’s highest net primary productivities per unit area are found in the A) B) C) D) E) Euphotic zone Abyssal zone Bathyal zone Coastal zone Benthic zone Climate is the general pattern of weather over a period of at least A) B) C) D) E) 10 years 20 years 30 years 50 years 100 years Climate is the general pattern of weather over a period of at least A) B) C) D) E) 10 years 20 years 30 years 50 years 100 years http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zz_CRzcIT-Q Which of the following is NOT a greenhouse gas? A) B) C) D) E) O3 CFCs N2O CO CO2 Which of the following is NOT a greenhouse gas? A) B) C) D) E) O3 CFCs N2O CO CO2 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RGIllMbG22Y In coral reefs, the relationship exhibited by coral polyps and singlecelled algae is A) B) C) D) E) Predation Commensalism Parasitism Mutualism Interspecific competition In coral reefs, the relationship exhibited by coral polyps and singlecelled algae is A) B) C) D) E) Predation Commensalism Parasitism Mutualism Interspecific competition In mountain biomes, it is estimated that each 100-meter gain in elevation is roughly equivalent to a ___kilometer change in latitude A)1 B) 10 C) 100 D) 1000 E) 10,000 In mountain biomes, it is estimated that each 100-meter gain in elevation is roughly equivalent to a ___kilometer change in latitude A)1 B) 10 C) 100 D) 1000 E) 10,000 All of the following would be considered types of temperate grasslands EXCEPT A) B) C) D) E) Steppes Veld Taiga Pampas Prairie All of the following would be considered types of temperate grasslands EXCEPT A) B) C) D) E) Steppes Veld Taiga Pampas Prairie Which of the following is indicative of the desert’s fragility? I. High species diversity II. Brief regeneration time from vegetation destruction III. Slow growth rate of plants A) I only B) II only C) III only D) II and III only E) I, II and III Which of the following is indicative of the desert’s fragility? I. High species diversity II. Brief regeneration time from vegetation destruction III. Slow growth rate of plants A) I only B) II only C) III only D) II and III only E) I, II and III The term or phrase which is synonymous with “drainage basin” I. A) B) C) D) E) Flood plain II. Tributary III. Watershed I only II only III only I and III only II and III only The term or phrase which is synonymous with “drainage basin” I. A) B) C) D) E) Flood plain II. Tributary III. Watershed I only II only III only I and III only II and III only Congratulations—you have finished one of the Semester 1 Reviews! Delete the slides/concepts you have down. Continue to review those that you need additional refreshing. Watch video clips to help visualize concepts missed. Practice free response questions relevant to missed topics.