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Definition, States, Change of State, Types of Matter, and Properties and Changes Unit 1B p. 2-5. MATTER, Definition, States, and Change of State At the conclusion of our time together, you should be able to: 1. Define matter 2. Define the various states of matter and draw an example of each state 3. Recognize that particle motion determines the state of matter Matter: Anything that has mass and takes up space Matter is made up of building blocks: atom – smallest unit of an element. element – a pure substance made of only one kind of atom. compound – made of two or more atoms that are chemically combined. FYI 90% of the Earth’s crust is made up of only 5 elements: Oxygen 49.2% Silicon 25.7 % Aluminum 7.5% Iron 4.7% Calcium 3.4% States of Matter Solid Definite volume and shape Particles are tightly packed Slight expansion when heated Incompressible Solid Vibration around fixed points States of Matter Liquid Has definite volume, but no definite shape (assumes the shape of the container) Particles are loosely packed (can flow by sliding over each other) Easily expand when heated Considered incompressible Liquid Vibration around sliding points States of Matter Gas No definite shape or volume Expand to fill the container Particles are spaced far apart Compressible Gas Vibration around moving points States of Matter Plasma Consists of electrically charged particles It’s an ionized gas Common in space, but very rare on Earth Found in lightning, fluorescent lights and neon signs Plasma When atoms are so hot, they lose ALL of their electrons. “Super-heated Gas” Energy Amounts in States of Matter Solid- little energy, particles vibrate and rotate Liquid- more energy, they move freely by sliding over each other Gas- even more energy, move quickly Plasma- most energy, move extremely fast All You Really Need To Know You Can Learn From Noah's Ark 5. Plan ahead. It wasn't raining when Noah built the ark. 6. Build your future on high ground. Solid Made of Atoms Holds its shape Atoms move past each other Liquid Gas Plasma States of Matter Changes of State Energy Gas Energy Liquid Energy Solid Names of Phase Changes Solid to Liquid Liquid to Gas Gas to Liquid Liquid to Solid Solid to Gas Gas to Solid = = = = = = Melting Boiling/evaporation Condensation Freezing Sublimation Deposition D e p o s i t i o n Boiling Melting Condensation Freezing Sublimation When a solid turns directly into a gas. Dry ice is solid CO2 Moisture that collects on the outside of a cold glass results from the process of… 1. evaporation. 2. condensation. 3. sublimation. 4. vaporization. Matter, Classify Matter At the conclusion of our time together, you should be able to: 1. Classify a mixture of matter based on their physical and chemical properties 2. Characterize various types of matter Types of Matter Pure Substance Matter with a fixed composition It has distinct properties Examples = elements compounds Types of Matter Mixtures Most matter is a mixture The composition is not fixed (changes from sample to sample) Two Types – Homogeneous Heterogeneous Homogeneous Mixtures Composition is uniform throughout Solution Particle size = 0.01 – 1 nm Doesn’t settle out upon standing Can’t be separated by filtering Doesn’t scatter light Example = salt water Homogeneous Mixtures Colloid Particle size = 1 – 1000 nm Doesn’t settle out upon standing Can’t be separated by filtering Scatters light (Tyndall Effect) Examples = milk, gelatin, smoke Heterogeneous Mixtures - Suspension The sample varies in composition, properties and appearance No uniformity If a suspension: Particle size is greater than 1000 nm Particles settle out upon standing Can be separated by filtration Might scatter light Examples = soil, trail mix, pond water Let’s Look at Some Examples: Mixtures are variable combinations of 2 or more pure substances. Heterogeneous – visibly separate phases Homogeneous – Same throughout Pure substance Only ONE element or compound. (distilled water) vs. Mixture has 2 or more elements/ compounds. Distilled Water is a compound. an element. a solution. a mixture. Air is a mixture of several gases. Name Formula amount Nitrogen N2 78 % Oxygen O2 21 % Argon Ar 1% Carbon CO2 Dioxide 0.03 % Air is a mixture of several gases Name Formula Amount Neon Ne 0.002 % Methane CH4 0.0002 % Helium He 0.000524 % Krypton Kr 0.000114 % Hydrogen H2 0.00005 % Xenon Xe 0.0000087 % Atoms are NOT the same as molecules. Air and oxygen are NOT the same. Helium and hot air are NOT the same. Helium and hot air are NOT the same. What’s the MATTER Classify Matter Let’s Put it All Together in a Chart!! This is on p. 5 Yes MATTER No Can it be physically separated? MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE Yes No Can it be chemically Is the composition uniform? decomposed? Yes HomoNo Heterogeneous geneous Mixture Compound Element Mixture (solution) Colloids & Putting sand and salt together makes a compound. an element. a mixture. a solution. Pure Water is a compound. an element. a solution. a mixture. Tap Water is a compound. an element. a solution. a mixture. An atom is to an element, as a molecule is to a metal. nonmetal. metalloid. compound. If different kinds of atoms are represented by different colored dots, which picture represents a sample of a compound? If different kinds of atoms are represented by different colored dots, which picture below represents a mixture? Which of the following illustrations represents a pure substance? Salt (NaCl) is a common substance. Salt is which of these? atom element compound mixture A chocolate chip cookie is an example of a __________, because ______________. a. compound, the ingredients are chemically bonded. b. compound, it is the same throughout. c. mixture, you can separate out the chips. d. mixture, you cannot distinguish between the ingredients. Which of the following is a compound? • oxygen • water • nitrogen • air Physical Change Physical A change in matter from one form to another without changing its chemical properties (most can be reversed) No change in atoms/molecules Physical Change Examples = Change in state or phase change Dissolving Compressing Light emission/absorption Electrons passing through metals Physical Change More Examples = boiling of a liquid melting of a solid dissolving a solid in a liquid to give a homogeneous mixture making a solution Properties Every substance has a unique set of properties (characteristics that identify that substance) Physical Properties Properties that can be measured without changing the identity and composition of the substance Physical Property Examples Color Odor Density Melting Point Boiling Point Hardness Solubility Chemical Change 2 1 Chemical A change in matter from one form to another by changing its composition (most cannot be reversed) Bonds are made / broken Chemical change or chemical reaction — transformation of one or more atoms or molecules into one or more different molecules. Sure Signs of a Chemical Change “Chemists Get Practice Trying Labs” Color Change Gas Produced (not from boiling!) Precipitate – a solid formed by mixing two liquids together Temperature Change Light Chemical Properties Properties that describe the way a substance may change to form other substances Only observed when a chemical reaction takes place Chemical Properties Properties that describe the way a substance may change to form other substances Only observed when a chemical reaction takes place Chemical Property Examples Combustible Reactive with water or acid Flammable Corrosive Decomposes in air Remember the Law of Conservation of Mass In a physical change or a chemical reaction, mass is neither created or destroyed (Antoine Lavoisier) Physical vs. Chemical Change Examples: melting physical flame produced chemical paper cut physical dissolving salt physical in water tarnishes in air chemical Physical vs. Chemical Change Examples: rusting iron chemical mixing mud and physical water burning a log chemical freezing water physical grinding spices physical Physical vs. Chemical Properties Physical Properties Properties that can be measured without changing the identity and composition of the substance Chemical Properties Properties that can be measured by changing the identity and composition of the substance Physical vs. Chemical Property Examples: melts at 55oF physical flammable chemical will tear easily physical will dissolve in physical water will tarnish chemical Physical vs. Chemical Properties Examples: will rust chemical mixture can be physical separated by boiling burns chemical freezes at -20oC physical can be crushed physical