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Name: _________________________________ Date: ______________________ Period: __________ Unit Test 1 Review Paleolithic Era – Before 8000 BCE - Before and near the end of the last ice age. Hunter gatherers Societies egalitarian (men and women and other members shared work equally) Neolithic Era – 8000 BCE – 600 BCE Neolithic Revolution – after the last ice age. - Beginnings of farming and animal domestication - People started living in communities - Settled near water for fertile land, fresh water, and ease of transportation - Food surpluses led to specialization of work (not everyone had to grow food) - Specialization led to complex social structures o Leaders, priests and wealthy at the top o Nobles, warriors, farmers, artisans, and merchants in the middle o Peasants and slaves at the bottom o Women had fewer rights because they were valuable in their role of being able to give birth (increase population, more workers). - Increase in disease due to people and animals living in close proximity to each other and poor sanitary conditions - Led to River Valley Civilizations First Civilizations - River valleys near major rivers o Regular flooding brought new fertile soil on a regular basis o Mild climates (similar latitudes) o Fresh water o Ease of transportation o More structured civilizations - Yellow River Valley - China Indus River Valley – India (South Asia) Mesopotamia – Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys Nile River Valley - Egypt Name: _________________________________ Date: ______________________ Period: __________ Classical Era – 600 BCE – 600 CE Religions Zoroastrianism – First Monotheistic (one god) religion – Persia – Similar beliefs to later Judaism and Christianity Judaism Buddhism - Hinduism - Christianity - Developed around 2000 BCE in present day Israel on the coast of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea Monotheistic (God with a capital “G”) Torah – part of Jewish religious documents became part of Christian Bible More of a philosophy than a religion Started in South Asia Spread east to East (China and Japan) and Southeast Asia after Hinduism grew in popularity in South Asia (India) Caste System o Strict division between castes based on social hierarchy o You are born into your caste (hereditary o Almost impossible to change castes, immoral and can get you thrown out of the religion (Outcast) Polytheistic Law Book of Manu Reincarnation Women subservient to men, had few rights Developed around 2000 years ago. (Christ born in 0 CE) Monotheistic (God with a capital G)(Jesus not a god, but a manifestation of God, or God in human form) Based on the teachings of Jesus Christians persecuted by Romans, sent to their deaths against lions in the Roman Coliseum (Jesus crucified by Romans) Adopted as the official religion of the Roman Empire by Emperor Constantine shortly before the empire was divided into Eastern and Western Name: _________________________________ Date: ______________________ Period: __________ Persia - Ancient Greece - - - Developed first writing systems Law Code of Hammurabi o First known written law code provided consistency in legal disputes o Harsher for lower classes (Eye for an Eye) Emperor Cyrus built thousands of miles of roads and the first postal system Provinces paid tribute (taxes) to emperor to show loyalty Vastly increased trade because of protection , roads, and use of coins instead of bartering Religion – Zoroastrianism, first monotheistic religion, similar beliefs to later Judaism and Christianity Mountainous Terrain (natural borders which separated citystates) Rocky soil limited crops to olive trees and grape vines and domesticated animals to goats and sheep. Surrounded by water and includes many small islands (Aegean Sea in the Northwest Mediterranean Sea) o Calm waters, fishing, trading with others in the region, many stories of sea adventures (Iliad and the Odyssey) Sparta o Military City-State Athens o Center of government and administration o Early Democracy – Citizen Assembly o Women have few rights Known for the development of the study of philosophy (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle) Known for developments in math (Pythagoras and others) and science (Archimedes (pumps) and others), and monumental architecture (Parthenon) Alexander the Great expanded the Greek Empire to its largest in only 13 years before his death o Spread Greek culture to most of Europe and as far east as the Indus River valley o Effectively ended the Persian Empire o Conflict between widespread city-states led to fall of empire after Alexander’s death Name: _________________________________ Date: ______________________ Period: __________ Rome – Roman Empire Founded on the Tiber River in central part of Italian Peninsula by brothers Romulus and Remus (raised by a she-wolf) Protected from invasion from the north by the Alps mountain range Adopted many of the beliefs, religion, ideas, cultural traits of the Greeks (including government) Known for monumental architecture Developed law code called the Twelve Tables (all citizens equal under the law) Language later developed into Italian, French, and Spanish Emperor Constantine adopted Christianity as the official religion of the empire near the end of the empire Financial pressure of the size of the empire, mercenary (paid but not citizens) army became disloyal, Goths from the North, Vandals from the South (Africa), and Huns from the East invaded Rome all causing the final collapse of the Roman Empire. Name: _________________________________ Date: ______________________ Period: __________ Unit Test 2 Review End of the Classical Period in China (600 BCE – 600 CE) Zhou China Ended in Civil War because nobles were given land in return for service to the emperor. Nobles eventually became too powerful for the emperor to control. Dynastic Cycle Confucianism - Daoism Buddhism Confucius sought to bring order to China’s chaotic social and political life. Taught obedience and order. Stressed following traditional ways which would lead to peace and harmony. Mandate of Heaven (see above diagram) - There is a natural order or “way” in nature. Stressed following the “way” of nature rather than resisting it. - Self Sacrifice is an important belief in Buddhism Qin (Chin) Dynasty - Shih Huang Ti unified China through conquest Centralized government power Began construction of the Great Wall Name: _________________________________ Date: ______________________ Period: __________ Han Dynasty - Returned to Confucian philosophy Civil servants were educated and tested before receiving government jobs Comparison of the Fall of Han and Roman Empires Both empires were attacked from outside by hostile barbarians Both empires were divided into separate states Widespread corruption in the central government led to chaos Over taxation of lower classes in order to support vast armies needed to defend the large territory crippled economy Silk Road Series of trade networks stretching from China to Europe Conduit for trade and cultural diffusion between: o Russia / Scandinavia o China o South Asia o Africa o Middle East o Europe The Middle Ages (600 CE – 1450 CE) Byzantine Empire Created when the capitol was moved from Rome to Constantinople (modern Turkey) and the Western part of the former Roman Empire was cut off from the Eastern Empire. Eastern Orthodoxy (Eastern Christian Church) Christianity continued in the Byzantine Empire after the earlier Roman Empire was split by the later Roman Emperors Beliefs the same as Roman Catholic, but with different practices Name: _________________________________ Date: ______________________ Period: __________ Roman Catholic Church Claimed to represent God’s will on Earth Largest Landowner in Europe Main source of education in Europe St. Augustine o Wrote The City of God o Asked why God is letting barbarians destroy the Christian civilization o No earthly city can last forever St. Thomas Aquinas o Wrote Summa Theologica, a collection of all Christian beliefs. o Taught that Christians should trust reason as well as faith o Advocated “Natural Law” o Believed that rulers could be overthrown if they enacted unjust laws. Medieval Europe Politics - Feudalism - Manorialism - The fall of the Roman Empire resulted in the division of Western Europe into a number of small kingdoms. In later Medieval Europe c. 1215 CE, English nobles got King John to agree to a set of legal principles, called the Magna Carta which limited the power of the English monarch, and set a precedent for limited monarchies and future democratic-republican governments. Feudalism is a system where a ruler grants land to a noble or powerful lord in return for loyalty and the promise of a contribution of soldiers, arms, and supplies to the in the event of war. Serfs were “attached” to the land and served the lord of the manor. All economic, cultural, social activities revolved around the manor house where the Lord of the Manor lived. Three Field system of crop rotation increased the yield of farmland by allowing one field per year to recover and regain nutrients. Name: _________________________________ Date: ______________________ Period: __________ The Crusades Causes for the Crusades Rise of Roman Catholic Christianity in Europe after the Fall of the Roman Empire provided a unifying force in a time of chaos Spread of Islam from India in the East into Spain in southwest Europe led to fear of the encirclement of Christendom Takeover and destruction of Christian holy places and relics in Palestine by Muslim forces All of these lead to an impassioned plea to the nobles of Europe, by Pope Urban II, to drive out the Muslims and re-conquer the “Holy Places” Pope promised salvation for those who went on Crusade to the Holy Lands Demonstrated the tremendous influence of the Roman Catholic Church in Medieval Europe Results of the Crusades for Europe New Products New Ideas (intellectual and cultural) New Architecture Increased the wealth of the Church Increased the wealth of European nobles Late Middle Ages Social (Europe) The deaths of nearly 1/3 of the population of Europe, as a result of The Black Death, resulted in a labor shortage across Europe. This labor shortage effectively ended feudalism/manorialism in medieval Europe since workers were in high demand and had many new employment opportunities. Development of Islam By 1050 Islam had spread from Spain to the Indus River Valley in South Asia Caliphates - - Two main factions developed: o Sunni – believed that a Caliph could be anyone o Shiite – believed that to be a Caliph, one must be directly descended from Muhammad Made advancements in math, science, and medicine Developed advanced map making skills Name: _________________________________ Date: ______________________ Period: __________ Gold and Salt Trade - Gold, Salt, and Slaves were traded across the TransSaharan camel routes from North Africa to West Africa. Powerful Kingdoms developed along these trade routes by taxing and controlling the flow of gold and salt. New ideas, goods, and culture spread along these trade routes. Islam spread to West Africa as a result of the Gold and Salt Trade. West African Kingdoms Ghana - Mali - Songhai - Used Iron technology to make weapons and gain control of trade routes Taxed trade routes to gain wealth and power Fell when conquered by Muslim invaders from North Africa Rulers converted to Islam, most citizens did not Mansa Musa – Muslim convert – ruler: o Expanded kingdom’s size greatly o Travelled to Mecca and Cairo Egypt o Built giant Mosque in Timbuktu which became a center of culture and education Sultan Sunni Ali captured Timbuktu Created an elaborate system of taxation Defeated by North Africans from Morrocco who used gunpowder and muskets to defeat the Songhai who used spears and arrows. Muslim, Christian, Jewish Interactions Most interactions in between European Christians and Muslims between 1095 CE and about 1300 CE were marked by violent conflict (The Crusades). Crusades Results of the Crusades for Muslim lands Shrinking of the size of the Islamic “Empire” Had little negative effect on the spread of Islam to other regions Europeans left behind “castle” technology Name: _________________________________ Date: ______________________ Period: __________ Islamic Spain - The Alhambra – Elaborate palace, a center of Muslim culture and learning Cordoba – Great Mosque, Great city of Culture and learning Ottoman Empire and its Impact on Global Trade Nomadic Turkish people Greatest power in Eastern Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean Land routes between Europe and Asia shorter and more direct through their empire Safavid Empire Also members of a Turkish tribe Shiite Muslims Ruled empire in what is modern day Iran Impact of Islam on India - Islam Spread rapidly in the poorer part Eastern India due to the fact that Islam did not recognize the Caste system, but encouraged social mobility. China Tang and Song Dynasties Political Economic - Cultural - Conquered Manchuria, Korea, and parts of Central Asia. Completed Grand Canal, Standardized Coins, and developed Paper Money Developed new technologies such as: o Block printing o Crossbow o Gunpowder o Abacus (used for arithmetic) o Compass (used for navigation) Intricate artwork on scrolls, court poetry, and glazed pottery