* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download File - Mr. Butts World History
Franco-Mongol alliance wikipedia , lookup
Church of the Holy Sepulchre wikipedia , lookup
House of Lusignan wikipedia , lookup
Livonian Crusade wikipedia , lookup
Siege of Antioch wikipedia , lookup
Rhineland massacres wikipedia , lookup
Savoyard crusade wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Arsuf wikipedia , lookup
Third Crusade wikipedia , lookup
Despenser's Crusade wikipedia , lookup
Kingdom of Jerusalem wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Nicopolis wikipedia , lookup
Northern Crusades wikipedia , lookup
Albigensian Crusade wikipedia , lookup
Siege of Acre (1291) wikipedia , lookup
Siege of Acre (1189–1191) wikipedia , lookup
History of Jerusalem during the Kingdom of Jerusalem wikipedia , lookup
Fourth Crusade wikipedia , lookup
Military history of the Crusader states wikipedia , lookup
First Crusade wikipedia , lookup
Name: ________________________________ Date: __________________________ Period: ______ The Crusades ___/40 Directions: (1) Use context clues, your background knowledge, the word bank, and the process of elimination to fill in the blanks below. (2) Answer the questions as they occur. (3) Complete the bubblemap. (4) Write a one paragraph summary of this reading. WORD BANK crushed control Christians cross destruction armies Jews Background By the end of the 11th century, Western Europe had emerged as a significant power, while still lagging behind the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic empire of the Middle East and North Africa. Byzantium was losing territory to the invading Turks. After years of chaos, Alexius Comnenus seized the Byzantine throne in 1081 and took (1) _______________ over the empire. In 1095 Alexius sent envoys to Pope Urban II asking for troops from the West to help confront the Turks. The pope called on Western (2) _______________ to aid the Byzantines and recapture the Holy Land from Muslim control. Pope Urban’s plea met with a tremendous response. Those Christians who joined the crusades wore a (3) _______________ as a symbol of the Church. 4 What danger might Alexius Comnenus have created by asking Pope Urban II for help? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ The First Crusade (1096-99) Four (5) _______________ of Crusaders departed for Byzantium in August of 1096. A less organized band of knights and commoners known as the “People’s Crusade” set off before the others under the command of a popular preacher known as Peter the Hermit. Peter’s army traipsed through the Byzantine Empire, leaving (6) _______________ in their wake. Resisting Alexius’ advice to wait for the rest of the Crusaders, they reached Constantinople, the Byzantine capitol, in early August. In the first major clash between the Crusaders and the Muslims, Turkish forces (7) _______________ the invading Europeans at Cibotus. Another group of Crusaders carried out a series of massacres of (8) _______________ in the Rhineland in 1096. 1 WORD BANK captured defeat children state four Constantinople When the Crusaders arrived in (9) _______________, Alexius insisted that their leaders swear loyalty to him, though some resisted. In 1097, the Crusaders and their Byzantine allies attacked Nicea. The city surrendered within weeks. Despite deteriorating relations between the Crusaders and Byzantine leaders, the combined force (10) _______________ the Syrian city of Antioch in June of 1098. Next the Crusaders marched toward Jerusalem, then occupied by Egyptian Fatimids. Encamping before Jerusalem in June of 1099, the Christians forced the besieged city’s governor to surrender by mid-July. The Crusaders slaughtered hundreds of men, women and (11) _______________ in their victorious entrance into the city. 12 Do you think the Crusaders slaughter of Muslims in Jerusalem made it easier or harder for them to re-conquer other parts of the Holy Lands? Explain your answer. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ The Crusader States and the Second Crusade (1147-49) With Jerusalem restored to Christian hands, many of the Crusaders departed. To govern the conquered territory, those who remained established (13) _______________ large western settlements, or Crusader states, in Jerusalem, Edessa, Antioch and Tripoli. Guarded by formidable castles, the Crusader states retained the upper hand in the region until around 1130, when Muslim forces began gaining ground against the Christians, whom they called “Franks.” In 1144, the Seljuk general Zangi, governor of Mosul, captured Edessa, leading to the loss of the northernmost Crusader (14) _______________. News of Edessa’s fall stunned Europe, and led Christian authorities in the West to call for another Crusade. Led by two great rulers, King Louis VII of France and King Conrad III of Germany, the Second Crusade began in 1147. That October, the Turks crushed Conrad’s forces at Dorylaeum, site of a great victory during the First Crusade. After Louis and Conrad managed to assemble their armies at Jerusalem, they decided to attack the Syrian stronghold of Damascus with an army of some 50,000, the largest Crusader force yet. Previously well disposed towards the Franks, Damascus’ ruler was forced to call on Nur al-Din, Zangi’s successor in Mosul, for aid. The combined Muslim forces dealt a humiliating (15) _______________ to the Crusaders, decisively ending the Second Crusade; Nur al-Din would add Damascus to his expanding empire in 1154. 16 What could Louis and Conrad have done differently that might have saved them from defeat at Damascus? Explain you answer. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 2 WORD BANK emperor strangled peace King battle easily Saladin The Third Crusade (1189-92) After numerous attempts by the Crusaders of Jerusalem to capture Egypt, Nur al-Din’s forces (led by the general Shirkuh and his nephew, Saladin) seized Cairo in 1169. Upon Shirkuh’s subsequent death, (17) _______________ began a major campaign against the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1187. His troops virtually destroyed the Christian army at the battle of Hattin. Outrage over these defeats inspired the Third Crusade, led by the aging Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, (18) _______________ Philip II of France and King Richard I of England. In September of 1191, Richard’s forces defeated those of Saladin in the battle of Arsuf, the only true (19) _______________ of the Third Crusade. Richard reestablished Christian control over some of the region and approached Jerusalem, though he refused to lay siege to the city. In September of 1192, Richard and Saladin signed a (20) _______________ treaty that reestablished the Kingdom of Jerusalem (though without the city of Jerusalem) and ended the Third Crusade. Cairo 21 Why do you think King Richard ended the Third Crusade without recapturing Jerusalem? Speculate - and explain your answer. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ From the Fourth to the Sixth Crusade (1198-1229) In 1198 the Crusaders diverted their mission and toppled the Byzantine (22) _______________, Alexius III. The new emperor tried to force the Byzantine church to accept rule from Rome. He was (23) _______________ after a coup in early 1204. The Crusaders then declared war. The Fourth Crusade ended with the conquest of Constantinople later that year. The remainder of the 13th century saw a variety of lesser Crusades, including some within Europe. The Albigensian Crusade (1208-29) aimed to root out the heretical Cathari or Albigensian sect in France. The Baltic Crusades (1211-25) sought to subdue pagans in Transylvania. During the Fifth Crusade, in 1216, Crusaders attacked Egypt. In 1229, in the Sixth Crusade, Emperor Frederick II achieved the peaceful transfer of Jerusalem to Crusader control. A decade later, and Muslims (24) _______________ regained control of Jerusalem. 3 WORD BANK Holy lost The End of the Crusades The Seventh Crusade (1239-41) recaptured Jerusalem, but it was (25) _______________ again in 1244. In 1249, King Louis IX of France led the Eighth Crusade, which ended in defeat in 1250. The Mamluks demolished Antioch in 1268, prompting Louis to begin another Crusade, which ended when he died in North Africa. A new Mamluk sultan captured Tripoli in 1289. In 1290, after seven weeks under siege, Acre fell, effectively ending the Crusades in the (26) _______________ Land after nearly two centuries. 27 What can you assume is true of the Mamluks, based only upon this reading? Give one example. ______________________________________________________________________________ Directions: Complete the bubblemap by entering by entering key terms from the reading in the circles below. THE CRUSADES Directions: Write a one paragraph summary of the reading. Your paragraph must include four sentences and all of the key terms from the bubblemap above. _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 4