Download File - Mr. Butts World History

Name: ________________________________ Date: __________________________ Period: ______
The Crusades
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Directions: (1) Use context clues, your background knowledge, the word bank, and the process of
elimination to fill in the blanks below. (2) Answer the questions as they occur. (3) Complete the
bubblemap. (4) Write a one paragraph summary of this reading.
WORD
BANK
crushed
control
Christians
cross
destruction
armies
Jews
Background
By the end of the 11th century, Western Europe had emerged as a significant power, while still lagging
behind the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic empire of the Middle East and North Africa. Byzantium
was losing territory to the invading Turks. After years of chaos, Alexius Comnenus seized the Byzantine
throne in 1081 and took (1) _______________ over the empire. In 1095 Alexius sent envoys to Pope
Urban II asking for troops from the West to help confront the Turks. The pope called on Western
(2) _______________ to aid the Byzantines and recapture the Holy Land from Muslim control. Pope
Urban’s plea met with a tremendous response. Those Christians who joined the crusades wore a
(3) _______________ as a symbol of the Church.
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What danger might Alexius Comnenus have created by asking Pope Urban II for help?
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The First Crusade (1096-99)
Four (5) _______________ of Crusaders
departed for Byzantium in August of
1096. A less organized band of knights
and commoners known as the
“People’s Crusade” set off before the
others under the command of a
popular preacher known as Peter the
Hermit. Peter’s army traipsed through
the Byzantine Empire, leaving
(6) _______________ in their wake.
Resisting Alexius’ advice to wait for the
rest of the Crusaders, they reached
Constantinople, the Byzantine capitol,
in early August. In the first major clash
between the Crusaders and the
Muslims, Turkish forces (7) _______________ the invading Europeans at Cibotus. Another group of
Crusaders carried out a series of massacres of (8) _______________ in the Rhineland in 1096.
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WORD
BANK
captured
defeat
children
state
four
Constantinople
When the Crusaders arrived in (9) _______________, Alexius insisted that their leaders swear loyalty to
him, though some resisted. In 1097, the Crusaders and their Byzantine allies attacked Nicea. The city
surrendered within weeks. Despite deteriorating relations between the Crusaders and Byzantine
leaders, the combined force (10) _______________ the Syrian city of Antioch in June of 1098. Next the
Crusaders marched toward Jerusalem, then occupied by Egyptian Fatimids. Encamping before
Jerusalem in June of 1099, the Christians forced the besieged city’s governor to surrender by mid-July.
The Crusaders slaughtered hundreds of men, women and (11) _______________ in their victorious
entrance into the city.
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Do you think the Crusaders slaughter of Muslims in Jerusalem made it easier or harder for them
to re-conquer other parts of the Holy Lands? Explain your answer.
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The Crusader States and the Second Crusade (1147-49)
With Jerusalem restored to Christian hands, many of the Crusaders
departed. To govern the conquered territory, those who remained
established (13) _______________ large western settlements, or Crusader
states, in Jerusalem, Edessa, Antioch and Tripoli. Guarded by formidable
castles, the Crusader states retained the upper hand in the region until
around 1130, when Muslim forces began gaining ground against the
Christians, whom they called “Franks.” In 1144, the Seljuk general Zangi,
governor of Mosul, captured Edessa, leading to the loss of the
northernmost Crusader (14) _______________. News of Edessa’s fall
stunned Europe, and led Christian authorities in the West to call for another
Crusade. Led by two great rulers, King Louis VII of France and King Conrad
III of Germany, the Second Crusade began in 1147. That October, the Turks
crushed Conrad’s forces at Dorylaeum, site of a great victory during the First
Crusade. After Louis and Conrad managed to assemble their armies at Jerusalem, they decided to attack
the Syrian stronghold of Damascus with an army of some 50,000, the largest Crusader force yet.
Previously well disposed towards the Franks, Damascus’ ruler was forced to call on Nur al-Din, Zangi’s
successor in Mosul, for aid. The combined Muslim forces dealt a humiliating (15) _______________ to
the Crusaders, decisively ending the Second Crusade; Nur al-Din would add Damascus to his expanding
empire in 1154.
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What could Louis and Conrad have done differently that might have saved them from defeat at
Damascus? Explain you answer.
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WORD
BANK
emperor
strangled
peace
King
battle
easily
Saladin
The Third Crusade (1189-92)
After numerous attempts by the
Crusaders of Jerusalem to capture
Egypt, Nur al-Din’s forces (led by the
general Shirkuh and his nephew,
Saladin) seized Cairo in 1169. Upon
Shirkuh’s subsequent death,
(17) _______________ began a major
campaign against the Crusader Kingdom
of Jerusalem in 1187. His troops
virtually destroyed the Christian army at
the battle of Hattin. Outrage over these
defeats inspired the Third Crusade, led
by the aging Emperor Frederick
Barbarossa, (18) _______________
Philip II of France and King Richard I of
England. In September of 1191, Richard’s forces defeated those of Saladin in the battle of Arsuf, the
only true (19) _______________ of the Third Crusade. Richard reestablished Christian control over
some of the region and approached Jerusalem, though he refused to lay siege to the city. In September
of 1192, Richard and Saladin signed a (20) _______________ treaty that reestablished the Kingdom of
Jerusalem (though without the city of Jerusalem) and ended the Third Crusade.
Cairo
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Why do you think King Richard ended the Third Crusade without recapturing Jerusalem?
Speculate - and explain your answer.
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From the Fourth to the Sixth Crusade (1198-1229)
In 1198 the Crusaders diverted their mission and toppled
the Byzantine (22) _______________, Alexius III. The
new emperor tried to force the Byzantine church to
accept rule from Rome. He was (23) _______________
after a coup in early 1204. The Crusaders then declared
war. The Fourth Crusade ended with the conquest of
Constantinople later that year. The remainder of the
13th century saw a variety of lesser Crusades, including
some within Europe. The Albigensian Crusade (1208-29)
aimed to root out the heretical Cathari or Albigensian sect in France. The Baltic Crusades (1211-25)
sought to subdue pagans in Transylvania. During the Fifth Crusade, in 1216, Crusaders attacked Egypt.
In 1229, in the Sixth Crusade, Emperor Frederick II achieved the peaceful transfer of Jerusalem to
Crusader control. A decade later, and Muslims (24) _______________ regained control of Jerusalem.
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WORD BANK
Holy
lost
The End of the Crusades
The Seventh Crusade (1239-41) recaptured Jerusalem, but it was (25) _______________ again in 1244.
In 1249, King Louis IX of France led the Eighth Crusade, which ended in defeat in 1250. The Mamluks
demolished Antioch in 1268, prompting Louis to begin another Crusade, which ended when he died in
North Africa. A new Mamluk sultan captured Tripoli in 1289. In 1290, after seven weeks under siege,
Acre fell, effectively ending the Crusades in the (26) _______________ Land after nearly two centuries.
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What can you assume is true of the Mamluks, based only upon this reading? Give one example.
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Directions: Complete the bubblemap by entering by entering key terms from the reading in the circles
below.
THE
CRUSADES
Directions: Write a one paragraph summary of the reading. Your paragraph must include four
sentences and all of the key terms from the bubblemap above.
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