Download Ecology - resources

Allie Schneider, Bianca Hung, Dionne
Rasquinha, Elle Uronen
Period 1
• The scientific study of interactions between
organisms in their environments, focusing on
energy transfer. It is a science of relationships.
the sum total of the
variety of organisms in
the biosphere
• Interactions within and among populations
• Nutrient cycling and energy flow through ecosystems
• The environment is made up of two factors; biotic and abiotic
• Immigration: the movement of individuals into an area, and
causes population to grow.
• Emigration: the movement of individuals out of an area, and
causes population to decrease
• Biotic Factors: all living organisms inhabiting the Earth
• Abiotic Factors: nonliving parts of the environment
• BIOSPHERE
ECOSYSTEM
COMMUNITY
POPULATION
ORGANISM
• Organism: Any unicellular or multicellular form exhibiting all of
the characteristics of life, an individual.
• Population: A group of organisms of one species living in the
same place at the same time that interbreed and compete with
each other for resources
• Community: Several interacting populations that inhabit a
common environment and are independent
• Ecosystem: Populations in a community and the abiotic factors
with which they interact
• Biosphere: Life supporting portions of Earth composed of air,
land, fresh water, and salt water.
• Competition: two or more organisms compete for a limited
resource
• Producer-Consumer:
• Producer- all autotrophs, they trap energy from the sun. (BOTTOM OF THE
FOOD CHAIN)
• Consumer- all heterotrophs, they ingest food containing the suns energy.
Herbivores, Carnivores, Omnivores and Decomposers
• Predator-Prey:
• Predators- Hunt prey animals for food
• Commensalism: one species benefits and the other species is
NEITHER harmed or benefitted.
• Mutualism: both species BENEFIT
• Parasitism: one organism benefits at the EXPENSE of the other
organism
• Each link in a food chain is known as a trophic level
• Trophic levels represent a feeding step in the transfer of
energy and matter in an ecosystem
• Only 10% of energy transfers to the next level
• Primary Producers: autotrophic plants, algae, some bacteria
• Secondary Producers: animals that eat herbivores, carnivores
• Higher Level Consumers: animals that eat animals that eat
herbivores
• Decomposers: eat and break down dead organic material
• The Water Cycle
• Describes the movement of Earth’s water
• Includes condensation, precipitation, infiltration and evaporation
• The Nitrogen Cycle
• Describes how nitrogen moves through things on Earth
• Cycles through living things, dead things, the air, soil and water
• The Carbon Cycle
• Describes the movement of carbon through one part of Earth to another
• Includes movement from living things to atmosphere, atmosphere to ocean,
and ocean to living things
• Succession: A series of changes in a community in which new
populations of organisms gradually replace existing ones
• Primary Succession: Colonization of new sites by communities of
organisms, takes place on bare rock
• Secondary Succession: Sequence of community changes that
takes place when a community is disrupted by natural disaster
or human actions, takes place on existing soil
• Growth rate = #births - #deaths
population size
• Increases a population:
• Lack of predators
• Abundance of food
• Decreases a population:
• Predators
• Competition
•
•
•
•
•
•
Global Warming
Deforestation
Ozone Depletion
Fishing Activities
Invasive Species
Pollution
• Air
• Water
•
•
•
•
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Exotic Pet Trade
Acid Rain
Climate Change
Excess Carbon Monoxide
Radiation Poisoning
• Define abiotic and biotic factors.
A.
B.
C.
D.
The sum total of the variety of organisms in the biosphere
Nonliving parts of the environment, Living organisms on Earth
Where a population lives, what a population does
None of the above
• Label the grass, the rabbit, and
the cougar.
A. Autotroph, heterotroph, heterotroph
B. Heterotroph, heterotroph, decomposer
C. Autotroph, autotroph, autotroph
D. Decomposer, heterotroph, autotroph
• What is the relationship between polar bears and
cyanobacteria?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
None of the above
• What percentage of energy transfers to the second level?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
5%
30%
15%
10%
None of the above
• What cycle cycles through living things, dead things, the air, soil
and water?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Water Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Carbon Cycle
All of the above
• What word matches this definition… The movement of
individuals out of an area causes the population to decrease.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Emigration
Immigration
Carrying Capacity
Biodiversity
• Which factors limit population growth?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Biodiversity
Density-dependent factor, Density-independent factor
Competition, predation, disease
All of the above
• Population grows when….
A.
B.
C.
D.
Death rate is greater than birth rate
It’s overpopulated
Human interference occurs
Birthrate is greater than it’s death rate
• A herbivore is…
A.
B.
C.
D.
Meat eater
Plant eater
Meat and plant eater
Insect eater
• What is ecology?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Biodiversity
Collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place
The science of relationships
The science of plants
None of the above
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
B
A
B
D
B
6. A
7. C
8. D
9. B
10. C