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Accomplishments of Ancient Rome
Italy from 1000
BCE-500 BCE
Three cultures shape
early Italy: Greek,
Etruscans, and Latin.
The Romans were a Latin
tribe.
Roman republic
http://faculty.nmu.edu
From 509 BCE to 27 BCE,
Rome had a republic
(citizens choose their
leaders).
Rights of political
participation expanded
over time.
ROMAN GOVERNMENT
War with Greece
& expansion in
Italy
282 BCE-275 BCE.
Greek general Pyrrhus won
a “Pyrrhic Victory”—the
victory was too costly.
Eventually Rome defeated
Greece.
By 264 BCE, Rome ruled
the Italian peninsula.
Punic (Phoenician) Rome versus Carthage:
Wars
264 BCE-241 BCE; 218
BCE-202 BCE; 149 BCE.
Battle of Cannae in Italy:
Hannibal’s army destroyed
over ½ of the Roman
military.
Battle of Zama in Africa:
Rome won (202 BCE).
Hannibal
http://www.emersonkent.com
Hannibal
Head of Hasdrubal by Giovanni Tiepolo
http://www.emersonkent.com
Expansion of the Roman republic to
146 B.C.E.
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Ancient Rome: Expansion and Conflict
Reform and the
Gracchus brothers Tiberius and Gaius
Gracchus supported land
http://www.the-romans.co.uk
redistribution. Both were
assassinated (133 BCE;
121 BCE)
Republic
threatened by
dictatorship
Gaius Marius
General who
professionalized the army.
Consul seven times. Social
reformer.
Gaius Marius
Lucius
Cornelius
Sulla
(138-78 BCE); general;
supported patricians.
In 88 BCE, civil war between
the armies of Sulla and
Marius. Sulla won and in 82
BCE declared himself dictator
for life.
Legacy: military leaders were
a threat to the republic.
Lucius Cornelius Sulla
ROME AND TYRRANY
Spartacus and the
Third Servile War
73 BCE-71 BCE.
Thousands of slaves
revolted against the
Romans but were
defeated
Death of Spartacus
Julius Caesar
A patrician who supported
social reforms.
In 60 BCE, he, Marcus
Crassus, and Gnaeus
Pompey formed the “First
Triumvirate” and ruled the
empire for 10 years.
JULIUS CAESAR
Marcus Crassus
Gnaeus Pompey
Gnaeus Pompey
Conquered Gaul (France),
which is described in his
book, Commentaries on
the Gallic Wars, (57 BCE-49
BCE).
“Crossing the Rubicon:” It
means committing yourself
to a decision. Caesar
crossed the Rubicon River
from Gaul and marched on
Rome, which resulted in a
civil war.
Caesar became dictator in
48 BCE.
“Veni, Vidi, Vici.”
He restored his mistress,
Cleopatra, to the Egyptian
throne.
Assassinated in 44 BCE.
“Et tu, Brute.”
Julius Caesar
After Julius Caesar’s death,
the empire was ruled for
eight years by three men
(2nd Triumvirate): Octavian
(Caesar’s grandnephew),
Mark Antony, and Lepidus.
OCTAVIAN (AUGUSTUS CAESAR)
Marc Antony
Lepidus
By 36 BCE, only Antony
and Octavian ruled. Civil
war erupted. Cleopatra
allied with Antony. Battle
of Actium: Octavian’s
forces won at sea.
The Empire
(Beginning of
imperial rule)
Octavian (Augustus Caesar)
became the first emperor
of Rome (the republic
ended). He ruled until CE
14.
Octavian (Augustus)
Caligula: CE 37-CE 41
Nero: CE 54-CE 68
Pax Romana
(Roman Peace)
From Augustus to mid-3rd
the Roman empire
experienced peace and
prosperity.
The “Five Good Emperors”
were generally tolerant and
expanded building projects.
***Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian,
Antoninus Pius, Marcus
Aurelius.
Nerva: CE 96-CE 98
Trajan: CE 98-CE 117
Hadrian: CE 117-CE 138
Antonius Pius: CE 138-CE 161
Marcus Aurelius: CE 161-CE 180
The Roman empire about 117 C.E.
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Religions and
Roman deities: often
philosophies in the
adopted from other
Roman empire
cultures.
Greek influence--Stoicism.
appealed to Roman
Intellectuals such as Cicero
(106 BCE-43 BCE).
Cicero
http://www.google.com/imgres
Salvation religions:
Mithraism (only men) and
Cult of Isis (and Osiris).
Judaism
Considered state cults
blasphemous.
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The Essenes: sect of
Judaism; Dead Sea Scrolls.
The Jewish War (CE 66-CE 70) & the Zealot
holdout at Masada
Christianity
Christianity became a new
religion.
Jesus: Charismatic Jewish
teacher who taught
devotion to God and love
For human beings.
Became Christ or “anointed
one.” Crucified in the early
30s CE.
Old and New Testaments
became the holy books
(Bible) of Christianity.
Paul of Tarsus was the
main figure in spreading
Christianity.
Pompeii after the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius
Herculaneum
DAILY LIFE IN ANCIENT ROME