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The Republic Falls 133 BCE The Senators become the most powerful group of government The Gracchi brothers attempted reforms Tiberius: land reforms to help the soldierfarmer Gaius: Public funds to buy grain for the poor Violence became a key tool for politics Roman allies began to rebel; wanted to be Roman citizens and hold office The Senate wanted to keep all the power and refused to grant citizenship to the allies The Social War: War between the allies and Rome. The allies were trained by the Romans; bloody war; Rome won Rome gave the allies citizenship and rights The whole Italian Peninsula became a Roman State Roman general; became consul in 107 BCE Volunteer Army; rewarded with money, land, and war loot (booty) Troops more loyal to general than government Elected consul in 88 BCE Wanted to gain military command of an army to make himself rich and famous Marius opposed him Sulla marched on Rome; civil war Sulla won; dictator from 82 to 79 BCE Added more senators Army and commander could control the senate Nephew of Marius, became a General Powerful speaker Spent money to gain support of poor 60 BCE; Caesar, Gnaeus Pompey, Licinius Crassus became the First Triumvirate: rule of 3 Caesar became consul in 59 BCE Caesar needed a loyal army for power; in 10 years conquered Gaul for Rome Crassus died in battle; Pompey made consul Pompey is jealous of Caesar Caesar marches on Rome and defeats Pompey Took Egypt; put Cleopatra in power Dictator for Life Senate now had 900 members; less power Conspiracy of Senators including Brutus and Cassius killed Caesar on March 15 44 BCE Octavian, Marc Antony, Lepidus (Caesar’s second in command Drove out conspirators Divided the Roman World: Antony the East and Octavian the West. Octavian declared war on Antony and Cleopatra 31 BCE took over Antony and Cleopatra’s lands 27 BCE: gave Octavian title Augustus or revered one The first Roman Emperor Beginning of the Roman Empire Empire from Spain to Syria and Egypt to the Rhine Invaded Germany; defeated in A.D. 9 Rhine River was the boundary Roman peace for 200 years Senate, magistrates, and assemblies had limited power Emperor could abuse power Julio-Claudian Emperors: relatives of Caesar’s family that became emperor Emperors named successors Five Good Emperors: ruled Rome for 100 years Hadrian: tried to Romanize the provinces Marcus Aurelius: last good emperor; welleducated man. Had to defend the empire from invasion on the north and east Why did the Republic Fall – what happened? How did the Empire develop? Who was the first Emperor? What is the Pax Romana? How did it affect Roman Culture?